ReviewCureus2025
The Contributions of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), Triglycerides, and Hypertension to Diabetic Retinopathy: Insights From a Meta-Analysis.
Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- GSTP1 expression mitigates endothelial dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy through regulation of oxidative stress: insights from single-cell RNA sequencing.Acta diabetologica · 2026Article
- A clinically interpretable machine learning model for early detection of diabetic retinopathy in multiple community health centers.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Association between glycated hemoglobin A1c and diabetic retinopathy in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus residing at high altitudes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- A three-parameter online nomogram for diabetic retinopathy risk in primary care: development and external validation in an independent cohort of type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This meta-analysis aims to synthesize evidence on the association between key risk factors and the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major complication of diabetes mellitus. We systematically reviewed and analyzed data from 11 studies published up to April 2023, focusing on the impact of poor glycemic control, triglyceride levels, duration of diabetes exceeding 10 years, and hypertension on DR risk. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a random-effects model to account for heterogeneity among studies. Elevated fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels were significantly associated with an increased risk of DR (OR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.63-3.57), highlighting the importance of glycemic control. Triglyceride levels and the duration of diabetes over 10 years also showed positive associations with DR risk, albeit with weaker effect sizes. Hypertension was identified as a potential risk factor, although the association was not statistically significant across all studies. Moderate-to-high heterogeneity was observed across the analyses, underscoring the multifactorial nature of DR. This meta-analysis confirms the critical role of glycemic control in preventing DR and identifies other important risk factors, including triglyceride levels and prolonged diabetes duration. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive diabetes management strategies to mitigate the risk of DR. Future research should explore the mechanisms underlying these associations and develop targeted interventions.
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Registered trials
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