Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40108532›Full record

SynthesisBMC public health2025

Interpersonal violence-related physical injury in low- and middle-income countries and its association with markers of socioeconomic status: a systematic review.

Kevin J Blair, Haley Tupper, Jordan M Rook, Michael de Virgilio, Thiago S Torres, Akshayaa K Chittibabu, M Wynn Tranfield, Bethany Myers, Alan Hubbard, Alain Chichom-Mefire and 4 more

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Troponin T in stable patients with penetrating chest trauma: A diagnostic study.Journal of the colleges of medicine of South Africa · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Kevin J BlairProgram for the Advancement of Surgical Equity, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. kevin.james.blair@gmail.com.
Haley TupperProgram for the Advancement of Surgical Equity, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Jordan M RookProgram for the Advancement of Surgical Equity, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Michael de VirgilioDepartment of Surgery, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA.
Thiago S TorresInstituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (INI-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Akshayaa K ChittibabuDavid Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
M Wynn TranfieldLouise M. Darling Biomedical Library, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Bethany MyersLouise M. Darling Biomedical Library, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Alan HubbardDivision of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Alain Chichom-MefireFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
Mary-Margaret AjikoDepartment of Surgery, Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti, Uganda.
Catherine JuillardProgram for the Advancement of Surgical Equity, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Rochelle DickerProgram for the Advancement of Surgical Equity, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Fanny Nadia Dissak-DelonFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon.

Funding

H. and H. Lee Surgical Research Scholars Program N/A
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInterpersonal violence-related physical injury (IPVRPI) is a leading cause of death in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet reliable data relating socioeconomic status (SES) and IPVRPI in these settings are lacking. We analyzed existing literature on associations between SES and IPVRPI in LMICs to understand how SES is measured in these contexts and synthesize data relating markers of SES to IPVRPI at the individual-level in order to inform future hospital-based IPVRPI prevention efforts.

methodsWe searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Global Health databases in January 2022 for analytical studies from LMICs that explored individual-level associations between IPVRPI and markers of SES. Studies about intimate partner violence, suicide, or children < 12 years old were excluded, as were population-level studies. Markers of SES considered were educational attainment, employment, and household wealth. Collated data relating these SES indicators with IPVRPI were presented in forest plots.

resultsA total of 34 studies from 20 LMICs were included. Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa were the most represented countries. Studies were mostly cross-sectional (n = 23), and data were typically from patient hospital records (n = 17) or population surveys (n = 12). Included studies explored associations between IPVRPI and education (n = 26), employment (n = 26), and household wealth (n = 19). Categorizations, particularly for employment and wealth, were highly variable between studies. Among the studies that performed multivariable analyses, IPVRPI was found to be significantly associated with lower educational attainment (n = 6), unemployment (n = 4), and lower household wealth (n = 6).

conclusionsNumerous studies have explored individual-level associations between IPVRPI and markers of SES among LMIC populations. Across a variety of LMIC contexts, we found that IPVRPI tended to be associated with markers of lower SES. Further conclusions were limited by the heterogeneity of SES measure categorizations, varied IPVRPI case definitions, and lack of adjusted analyses. Future research should ensure SES measures utilized in LMICs are comprehensive and comparable, focus more specifically on IPVRPI from community violence, and consider hospital-based interventions to reduce risk of IPVRPI in LMIC settings.

Indexed as

Developing CountriesSocial ClassWounds and InjuriesHumansEducation levelInjuryInterpersonal violenceLow- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)Physical traumaSocioeconomic statusUnemployment

Identifiers

PMID40108532
PMCPMC11924722

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.