ArticleInternational psychogeriatrics2025
Cohen-mansfield agitation inventory total score as a measure of agitation and aggression in Alzheimer's disease: A factor analysis.
Article in International psychogeriatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Toward Precision Neuropsychiatry of Dementia: Neuropsychiatric Symptoms as Multidimensional Clinical Phenotypes.Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society · 2026Review
- Physician and professional caregiver perspectives on meaningful change in agitation behaviors in Alzheimer's dementia: Insights from qualitative interviews.Frontiers in dementia · 2025Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is often associated with agitation and aggression, which may impair function, impede care, and be a major source of stress for caregivers. The Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) is often used to assess agitation and aggression. In its original, nursing-home version, it is a 29-item, caregiver-informed, clinician-administered 7-point scale that assesses the frequency of various agitation or aggressive behaviors. However, the instruction manual advises against the use of the total score in favor of a domain-based analysis. This recommendation has been followed in both clinical trials and practice. Because the CMAI is comprehensive and easy to administer, we sought to determine the validity of its total score as a single construct for assessing agitation and aggression in patients with AD.
methodsWe used a previously conducted factor analysis of the CMAI scores from two risperidone trials in patients with dementia (N = 648), and a follow-up analysis of the subset of patients with psychosis of AD (N = 479), to examine, using vector analysis and an effect-size-versus-signal-to-noise ratio analysis, whether the total CMAI score could confidently be used as a global measure of agitation and aggression in AD.
resultsOur findings suggest that the CMAI items from the dataset analyzed load into 4 clusters, which cover about 50 % of the total data variance. Surprisingly, items with the lowest signal-to-noise ratio (hitting, performing repetitious mannerisms, aimless pacing or wandering) had the strongest response to treatment (and vice versa), and belonged to different factors. The further observation that many items were spread among the factors, instead of primarily measuring a single factor or domain, suggests that there is a continuum of symptoms, and separating them into domains requires separating very similar items that measure two or more domains.
conclusionsThese findings suggest that assessing agitation and aggression via CMAI domains instead of the total score is likely to miss important behavioral signals. Using total CMAI score in clinical trials and practice, along with the assessment of individual items, is warranted.
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