Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40104956›Full record

ReviewCNS neuroscience & therapeutics2025

Malignant Cells Beyond the Tumor Core: The Non-Negligible Factor to Overcome the Refractory of Glioblastoma.

Yuyang Zhou, Qilin He, Guanglong Huang, Pei Ouyang, Hai Wang, Jiapeng Deng, Pengyu Chen, Xuan Liang, Zhisheng Hong, Xian Zhang and 2 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Yuyang ZhouDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Qilin HeDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.ORCID 0009-0007-7853-5215
Guanglong HuangDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Pei OuyangDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Hai WangDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Jiapeng DengDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Pengyu ChenDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Xuan LiangDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Zhisheng HongDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Xian ZhangDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Songtao QiDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Yaomin LiDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGlioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive primary brain tumors in adults. Over 95% of GBM patients experience recurrence in the peritumoral brain tissue or distant regions, indicating the presence of critical factors in these areas that drive tumor recurrence. Current clinical treatments primarily focus on tumor cells from the tumor core (TC), while the role of neoplastic cells beyond the TC has been largely neglected.

methodsWe conducted a comprehensive review of existing literature and studies on GBM, focusing on the identification and characterization of questionable cells (Q cells). Advanced imaging techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and positron emission tomography (PET), were utilized to identify Q cells beyond the tumor core. We also analyzed the functional properties, cellular microenvironment, and physical characteristics of Q cells, as well as their implications for surgical resection.

resultsOur review revealed that Q cells exhibit unique functional attributes, including enhanced invasiveness, metabolic adaptations, and resistance mechanisms. These cells reside in a distinct cellular microenvironment and are influenced by physical properties such as solid stress and stiffness. Advanced imaging techniques have improved the identification of Q cells, enabling more precise surgical resection. Targeting Q cells in therapeutic strategies could significantly reduce the risk of GBM recurrence.

conclusionThe presence of Q cells in the peritumoral brain zone (PBZ) and beyond is a critical factor in GBM recurrence. Current treatments, which primarily target tumor cells in the TC, are insufficient to prevent recurrence due to the neglect of Q cells. Future research should focus on understanding the mechanisms influencing Q cells and developing targeted therapies to improve patient outcomes.

Indexed as

Brain NeoplasmsGlioblastomaNeoplasm Recurrence, LocalTumor MicroenvironmentAnimalsHumansGBMimagingmicroenvironmentPBZphysicsSMR

Identifiers

PMID40104956
PMCPMC11920816

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.