ArticleBMC ophthalmology2025
Correlation between longitudinal serum vitamin D levels and myopia in children: a prospective birth cohort analysis.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Role of Vitamin D and Selected Nutrients in the Development of Myopia in Children and Young Adults: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Childhood myopia in the modern environment: modifiable risk factors and evidence-based prevention.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Myopia development: multifactorial interplay, molecular mechanisms and possible strategies.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMyopia is an increasingly prevalent visual impairment associated with severe ocular complications. Risk factors for childhood myopia include genetics, East Asian ethnicity, age, parental myopia, and various environmental factors. The relationship between vitamin D levels, outdoor activity, and myopia remains inconclusive. This study aims to investigate the correlation between longitudinal serum vitamin D levels and myopia in Taiwanese children.
methodsThe study measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in children from the Prediction of Allergies in Taiwanese Children (PATCH) study at multiple time points, including umbilical cord blood and ages 1, 3, and 5 years. Refractive error under cycloplegic conditions and axial length were assessed from January 2021 to April 2022. Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent in both eyes ≤ -0.5 diopter. Independent sample t-tests, partial correlation analyses, and generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between serum vitamin D concentrations and myopia.
resultsA total of 126 eyes from 63 children (mean age: 8.90 ± 2.24 years) were analyzed. The lowest serum vitamin D level (19.11 ± 9.10 ng/mL) was observed in umbilical cord blood, while the highest level (37.01 ± 12.61 ng/mL) occurred at 1 year of age. No significant differences in serum vitamin D concentrations were found between children with and without myopia during gestation, at birth, or at ages 1, 3, and 5 years (all P > 0.05). Additionally, GEE analysis revealed that serum vitamin D levels were not significantly associated with cycloplegic spherical equivalent or axial length after adjusting for age and sex.
conclusionsThis prospective birth cohort study found no association between serum vitamin D concentrations at birth, 1, 3, or 5 years of age and the development of myopia in Taiwanese children. These findings suggest that other factors, such as ethnicity, near work activities, or lighting conditions, may play more significant roles in myopia development, particularly among East Asian populations.
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