Observational studyBMC infectious diseases2025
Time course and determinants of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in Costa Rica: the RESPIRA study.
Observational study in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04537338 (Evaluation of the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Among Patients With Covid-19 in Costa Rica), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Among Patients With Covid-19 in Costa Rica
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Characterising protective immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in urban and rural Malawi between February 2021 and April 2022.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A population-based case-control study of COVID-19: methodological considerations on the role of testing bias.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 antibody and neutralization dynamics among persons with natural- and vaccine-induced exposures.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
27 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are essential for protection or reduction in severity of subsequent disease. We studied antibody responses to spike protein receptor-binding domain (S1-RBD) and nucleocapsid (N) in a population-based sample of COVID-19 cases in Costa Rica.
methodsAs part of the RESPIRA study, we selected an age-stratified random sample of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases diagnosed from March 2020 to July 2021. Antibodies were determined with multiplex serology in 794 unvaccinated subjects diagnosed 3 days to 17 months before recruitment to investigate immune response to natural infection. In addition, neutralizing antibodies were determined in 136 randomly selected participants. We estimated antibody positivity and GMTs by time since diagnosis and explored determinants using multivariate regression.
resultsMost participants tested 15-29 days after PCR diagnosis were seropositive for N (90%) and S1-RBD antibodies (96%) and had the highest GMTs for both antibodies. Only 42% of subjects tested one year after infection were seropositive for N antibodies, compared to 97% for S1-RBD. GMTs for neutralizing antibodies peaked 15-89 days after infection and declined but remained positive for 95% of subjects thereafter. In multivariate models, antibodies were significantly higher among men and increased with age and severity of the clinical presentation. The correlation of multiplex and neutralizing antibodies was high (0.72 [95% CI = 0.63-0.79]) and stronger among women.
conclusionsA robust immune response against N and S1-RBD is elicited by COVID-19 a few days after infection. While S1-RBD antibodies are present after > 1 year, N antibodies decline significantly. Antibody levels are higher in men and increase with age and severity of disease. The different immune response patterns by sex warrant further investigation.
trial registrationRESPIRA Study ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04537338 (3 September 2020).
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