Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40102357›Full record

ArticleBiological trace element research2025

Correlation Between Urinary Heavy Metals and Early Childhood Caries in a Typical Industrial and Mining Area.

Mingkun Sun, Ting Yu, Yufan Zhu, Xuandi Zhang, Ya Chen, Yuhui Dang, Xiaowen Zhang, Shiwei Ai

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Biological trace element research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mingkun Sun *School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
Ting Yu *Department of Child Health Care, Baiyin Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Baiyin, 730900, Gansu, China.
Yufan ZhuSchool of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
Xuandi ZhangSchool of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
Ya ChenSchool of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
Yuhui DangSchool of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
Xiaowen ZhangSchool of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
Shiwei AiSchool of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China. aishw@lzu.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In order to assess the association between urinary heavy metals and early childhood caries (ECC), a survey of deciduous tooth decay and urinary heavy metal concentrations of 408 children was conducted in a typical industrial and mining area. The results indicated that urinary heavy metal concentrations were ranked as Zn > Fe > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd > As > Cr > Mn > Hg. The zero-inflated negative binomial model identified Hg as a significant risk factor for ECC (P25 ~ P75, OR = 3.499; > P75, OR = 3.184). Bayesian kernel machine regression further revealed that Pb, Cd, and Hg were positively correlated with ECC. Additional analysis using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and restricted cubic splines confirmed a positive correlation between the urinary concentrations of Pb, Cd, As, and Hg and the number of ECC (p < 0.05). Moreover, Bayesian kernel function regression and weighted quantile sum regression indicated that combined exposure to heavy metals was positively associated with ECC, with Hg (0.420) being the most dominant contributor, followed by As, Pb, and Cd. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a significant positive correlation between urinary heavy metals and both the occurrence and severity of ECC, with Hg identified as the most influential factor. It was recommended to minimize children's exposure to heavy metals to protect their dental health.

Indexed as

Dental CariesMetals, HeavyMiningBayes TheoremChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansIndustryMaleMetals, HeavyCombined exposureEarly childhood cariesPreschool childrenUrine heavy metals

Identifiers

PMID40102357

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.