Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40100611›Full record

ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2025

Muscles Functioning as Primary Shoulder Movers Aid the Rotator Cuff Muscles in Increasing Active Glenohumeral Stiffness.

Constantine P Nicolozakes, Julia S Schmulewitz, Daniel Ludvig, Emma M Baillargeon, Margaret S Danziger, Amee L Seitz, Eric J Perreault

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Constantine P NicolozakesDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. constantine.nicolozakes@northwestern.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4842-2857
Julia S SchmulewitzDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Daniel LudvigDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0268-6686
Emma M BaillargeonDivision of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8035-1043
Margaret S DanzigerDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-6948
Amee L SeitzDepartment of Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4272-1354
Eric J PerreaultDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9860-6427

Funding

Northwestern University Clinical and Translational Science Institute (NUCATS)UL1TR001422 · NCATS · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI D'AQUILA, RICHARD · 2015 to 2023
$56.8M
MEDICAL SCIENTIST TRAINING PROGRAMT32GM008152 · NIGMS · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI ARDEHALI, HOSSEIN · 1987 to 2021
$24.0M
Quantifying the Biomechanical and Neural Factors Contributing to Shoulder InstabilityF31AR074288 · NIAMS · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY · PI NICOLOZAKES, CONSTANTINE · 2018 to 2021
$100k
American Society of Biomechanics Graduate Student Grant-in-AidNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001422NCATS NIH HHS UL1TR001422NIAMS NIH HHS F31 AR074288NIAMS NIH HHS F31AR074288NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM008152NIGMS NIH HHS T32GM008152The Graduate School, Northwestern University The Nicholson Fellowship
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeActive stability is essential to preventing dislocations and the focus of rehabilitation following dislocations. This is thought to arise from shoulder muscles compressing the humeral head into the glenoid (called concavity compression). However, shoulder muscles may also resist humeral head translation through increases in intrinsic muscle stiffness, an unexplored mechanism. Our objective was to quantify shoulder muscles' contributions to changes in glenohumeral stiffness, or the resistance to humeral head translation. We hypothesized that primary shoulder movers (e.g., the pectoralis major or deltoid) would differ from rotator cuff muscles in how much they increase glenohumeral stiffness because they leverage their intrinsic stiffness in addition to concavity compression.

methodsWe measured glenohumeral stiffness across a range of isometric muscle activation levels in shoulder abduction and used electromyography to estimate the contributions of rotator cuff muscles and primary shoulder movers. We then created a musculoskeletal model to evaluate individual muscle contributions to glenohumeral stiffness through both concavity compression and intrinsic muscle stiffness.

resultsWe found that muscle activity in primary shoulder movers was a better predictor of active glenohumeral stiffness than in rotator cuff muscles (R

conclusionOur results emphasize the importance of primary shoulder movers as active stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint and highlight their potential importance in preventing shoulder dislocations.

Indexed as

Models, BiologicalMuscle, SkeletalRotator CuffShoulder JointAdultElectromyographyFemaleHumansMaleDislocationElectromyographyInstabilityJoint stiffnessRotator cuffShoulder

Identifiers

PMID40100611
PMCPMC12226825

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.