Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40100551›Full record

ArticleChild psychiatry and human development2025

On Your Own: An Explorative Study on the Psychopathological and Psychosocial Correlates of Hikikomori Symptoms in Dutch Adolescents and Young Adults.

Peter Muris, Annelie van der Veen, Britney Luijten, Charlotte de Bie, Cor Meesters

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Article in Child psychiatry and human development, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Peter MurisFaculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands. peter.muris@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
Annelie van der VeenFaculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
Britney LuijtenFaculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
Charlotte de BieFaculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
Cor MeestersFaculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hikikomori is an extreme form of social withdrawal that has been originally described in Japan but that is emergent in many other developed and industrialized countries. The present exploratory study was conducted in The Netherlands and aimed to examine psychopathological and psychosocial correlates of hikikomori symptoms as measured with the Hikikomori Questionnaire-25 (HQ-25) in a convenience population of 122 non-clinical adolescents and young adults and 24 clinically referred young people who were suspected to suffer from autism spectrum disorder (ASD; of which 75% eventually received this DSM-5 diagnosis). The results indicated that higher levels of hikikomori symptoms were associated with higher levels of psychopathological risk factors, higher levels of loneliness as well as a more positive attitude towards being alone, and higher levels of problematic internet use. Furthermore, it was found that hikikomori symptoms were significantly higher in clinically referred participants with suspect ASD than in non-clinical participants. It can be concluded that hikikomori symptoms were present in this sample of young Dutch participants and showed theoretically meaningful relations with other psychological constructs.

Indexed as

Autism spectrum disorderExtreme social withdrawalHikikomoriLoneliness and alonenessProblematic internet usePsychopathology

Identifiers

PMID40100551

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.