Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40100391›Full record

ArticleInternational orthopaedics2025

International medical graduate orthopaedic residents show higher research productivity than United States graduate peers before and during residency.

James S MacLeod, Freddy Jacome, Hadel Mansour, Michael S Lee, Frances Akwuole, Sia Cho, Justin Lee, Owen Lema, Avani Chopra, Yianni Bakaes and 3 more

Abstract readComparative Study
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In one paragraph

Article in International orthopaedics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

James S MacLeodDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA. james.macleod@northwestern.edu.
Freddy JacomeDepartment of Orthopedics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
Hadel MansourCairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Michael S LeeMedical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
Frances AkwuoleDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
Sia ChoFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America.
Justin LeeRutgers School of Medicine, Newark, USA.
Owen LemaUniversity of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, United States of America.
Avani ChopraDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
Yianni BakaesDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
Sabrina PainterUniversity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA.
Hayden BakerHospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA.
Alfonso MejiaDepartment of Orthopedics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeInternational Medical Graduates (IMGs) have lower match rates than their United States (U.S.)-trained Doctor of Allopathic Medicine (MD) and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) peers. This study aims to more completely elucidate the research accomplishments required for IMGs to match into orthopaedic residency and to compare their academic productivity during residency to that of U.S. MD and DO graduates.

methodsData from orthopaedic-related journals and ACGME-accredited residency programs were extracted in July of 2024 using Python. Variables included: residency year, publications, first-author publications, citations, journals, h-index, medical school type, and the medical school and residency program locations.

resultsPrior to residency, the 56 matched IMGs had a mean of 32.8 publications, 9.8 first-author publications, and 517.1 citations. Matched U.S. MDs had an average of 3.7 publications, 1.1 first-author publications, and 61.0 citations while DO matched applicants had an average of 3.7 publications, 1.0 first-author publications, and 5.6 citations. During residency, IMG orthopaedic residents averaged 5.2 publications per year and 16.6 citations per year. U.S. MD residents averaged 1.3 publications per year and 3.6 citations per year, while DO residents averaged 0.55 publications per year and 1.1 citations per year. The h-index averaged 9.8 for IMGs, 2.2 for U.S. MDs and 0.7 for DOs. All comparisons for IMGs vs. U.S. MDs and IMGs vs. DOs yielded P < 0.0001.

conclusionThese findings highlight the significant differences in research output between IMGs and their U.S.-trained counterparts in orthopaedic surgery, and show that these differences continue throughout residency.

Indexed as

Biomedical ResearchEfficiencyForeign Medical GraduatesInternship and ResidencyOrthopedicsHumansUnited StatesEducationIMGInternationalOrthopaedic surgeryPublicationResearchTraining

Identifiers

PMID40100391

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.