ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2025
Effect of a daily outdoor access on the urination and defecation behaviors and nitrogen excretion by lactating cows.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Policy synergies outweigh trade-offs for NHNature food · 2026Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
This study aimed to assess the urination and defecation frequency along with the nitrogen excretion produced by lactating cows spending either 2 or 4 h a day in an outdoor exercise area, to then estimate the load of cows allowed considering the nitrogen limitation in manure established by the EU directive. Six Italian Simmental lactating cows housed in a free-stall were paired and alternatively subjected to the following exit managements: no daily outdoor access, a 2-h daily outdoor access (U2; from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m.), and a 4-h daily outdoor access (U4) divided into a morning (U4a; 9:00 to 11:00 a.m.) and an afternoon (U4b; 2:00 to 4:00 p.m.) exit. Using a crossover design, each pair of cows was subjected to each exit management for a period of 2 weeks, then switched twice, until the completion of 6 weeks of evaluation in order to ensure all the three different group combinations. The study considered as treatments the two exit managements: U2 and U4. Cows in the paddock urinated and defecated on average 0.76 and 0.94 times per hour, respectively. The content of nitrogen in urine and feces was 0.42% and 1.96% on average, respectively. Excretion variables such as nitrogen output of urine, nitrogen output of feces and total nitrogen output were 6.19, 4.91, and 11.10 g/h on average respectively, and they were not affected by the treatment. The total nitrogen output by the cows spending 2 or 4 h of daily outdoor activity was 22.68 and 44.07 g per cow, respectively (
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