ArticlePsychological science2025
*Co-Occurrence and Causality Among ADHD, Dyslexia, and Dyscalculia.
Article in Psychological science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Shared genetics between ADHD and reading/language abilities: Genome-wide correlations, stratified enrichment, cross-trait association, and mendelian randomization.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Reading Disabilities With and Without Co-Occurring ADHD: No Evidence for Additive Impact on Reading Skills.Scientific studies of reading : the official journal of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading · 2026Article
- Fluency Is Good, but Comprehension Is Better: The Impact of Fluency and Comprehension on Mathematical Word Problem Solving.Dyslexia (Chichester, England) · 2026Article
- Brain activation for language and its relationship to cognitive and linguistic measures.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2025Article
- Prevalence of risk for dyslexia, risk for dyscalculia, and their comorbidity in Spanish primary education: gender difference and socioeconomic status.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- [Relationship between polygenic risk scores for various psychiatric disorders and clinical and neuropsychological characteristics in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatricsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
ADHD, dyslexia, and dyscalculia often co-occur, and the underlying continuous traits are correlated (ADHD symptoms, reading, spelling, and math skills). This may be explained by trait-to-trait causal effects, shared genetic and environmental factors, or both. We studied a sample of ≤ 19,125 twin children and 2,150 siblings from the Netherlands Twin Register, assessed at ages 7 and 10. Children with a condition, compared to those without that condition, were 2.1 to 3.1 times more likely to have a second condition. Still, most children (77.3%) with ADHD, dyslexia, or dyscalculia had just one condition. Cross-lagged modeling suggested that reading causally influences spelling (β = 0.44). For all other trait combinations, cross-lagged modeling suggested that the trait correlations are attributable to genetic influences common to all traits, rather than causal influences. Thus, ADHD, dyslexia, and dyscalculia seem to co-occur because of correlated genetic risks, rather than causality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.