Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40097692›Full record

ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2025

Exploring the association between adolescent psychotic-like experiences and components of social performance using a multi-level virtual reality paradigm.

Grace Kiernan, Pauline Kohl, Ekincan Tas, Frederic Berg, Mario Wolf, Phuong-Mi Nguyen, Lucia Valmaggia, Mar Rus-Calafell

Erratum issuedAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Grace KiernanMental Health Research and Treatment Centre, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2473-8168
Pauline KohlMental Health Research and Treatment Centre, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Ekincan TasMental Health Research and Treatment Centre, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Frederic BergMental Health Research and Treatment Centre, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9712-9270
Mario WolfDepartment of Digital Engineering, Ruhr Uaniversity Bochum, Bochum, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0628-7570
Phuong-Mi NguyenMental Health Research and Treatment Centre, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Lucia ValmaggiaOrygen, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6099-8464
Mar Rus-CalafellMental Health Research and Treatment Centre, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. mar.rus-calafell@rub.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2293-3875

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDespite evidence linking psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and social functioning deficits in youth at the risk of transitioning to psychosis, this association remains poorly understood. To address this, we explored the association between components of social performance and PLEs in adolescents aged 13-18 using a novel virtual reality (VR) paradigm for real-time assessment.

methodsAdolescents (N = 146) aged 13-18 were recruited as part of a larger cohort study conducted by the same research group (YVORI_PRO) and invited to participate via the following criteria: those reporting highly indicative positive PLEs (HIP, N = 88) and those reporting no or less indicative PLEs (no-HIP, N = 58). Self-report, behavioural and physiological components of social performance were collected using a portable VR headset and a medical wristband. Participants entered a virtual recreational area with three levels of social ambiguity and were encouraged to interact with avatars. MANOVA was performed to check for overall group differences and repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to examine the effects of group and level of ambiguity, as well as their interaction, on daily social performance.

resultsDuring virtual social interactions, adolescents with HIP reported higher levels of anxiety, fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and avoidance than the no-HIP group. No significant difference between groups was found for self-confidence. With increasing social ambiguity in VR, anxiety, FNE and avoidance increased in both groups, while self-confidence decreased. No significant group differences were found in behavioural or physiological components of social performance. Interpersonal distance and pulse rate increased significantly with increasing level of ambiguity, but pulse rate variability and skin conductance did not.

conclusionThe results suggest that adolescents with HIP may present specific difficulties related to social performance, which may carry additional psychosis risk. The new VR social scenario appears to be an acceptable, safe and effective tool to measure social performance in adolescents experiencing PLEs.

Indexed as

Psychotic DisordersSocial BehaviorSocial InteractionVirtual RealityAdolescentCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMalePsychosis riskPsychotic-like experiencesSocial performanceVirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID40097692
PMCPMC12325382

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.