Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40097007›Full record

ArticleCMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne2025

Optimizing placement of public-access naloxone kits using geospatial analytics: a modelling study.

K H Benjamin Leung, Brian E Grunau, May K Lee, Jane A Buxton, Jennie Helmer, Sean van Diepen, Jim Christenson, Timothy C Y Chan

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Assessment of a County-Wide, Pan-First Responder Take-Home Naloxone Program in Denver, Colorado.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Should all pharmacies have an automated external defibrillator?Canadian pharmacists journal : CPJ = Revue des pharmaciens du Canada : RPC
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

K H Benjamin LeungDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (Leung, Chan), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Duke Clinical Research Institute (Leung), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Grunau, Christenson), University of British Columbia; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes (Grunau, Lee, Christenson), St. Paul's Hospital; School of Population and Public Health (Buxton, Helmer), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Emergency Health Services (Helmer), Vancouver, BC; Division of Cardiology (van Diepen), Department of Medicine, and Department of Critical Care Medicine (van Diepen), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Chan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. benjamin.leung@duke.edu.
Brian E GrunauDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (Leung, Chan), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Duke Clinical Research Institute (Leung), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Grunau, Christenson), University of British Columbia; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes (Grunau, Lee, Christenson), St. Paul's Hospital; School of Population and Public Health (Buxton, Helmer), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Emergency Health Services (Helmer), Vancouver, BC; Division of Cardiology (van Diepen), Department of Medicine, and Department of Critical Care Medicine (van Diepen), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Chan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
May K LeeDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (Leung, Chan), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Duke Clinical Research Institute (Leung), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Grunau, Christenson), University of British Columbia; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes (Grunau, Lee, Christenson), St. Paul's Hospital; School of Population and Public Health (Buxton, Helmer), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Emergency Health Services (Helmer), Vancouver, BC; Division of Cardiology (van Diepen), Department of Medicine, and Department of Critical Care Medicine (van Diepen), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Chan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
Jane A BuxtonDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (Leung, Chan), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Duke Clinical Research Institute (Leung), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Grunau, Christenson), University of British Columbia; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes (Grunau, Lee, Christenson), St. Paul's Hospital; School of Population and Public Health (Buxton, Helmer), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Emergency Health Services (Helmer), Vancouver, BC; Division of Cardiology (van Diepen), Department of Medicine, and Department of Critical Care Medicine (van Diepen), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Chan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
Jennie HelmerDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (Leung, Chan), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Duke Clinical Research Institute (Leung), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Grunau, Christenson), University of British Columbia; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes (Grunau, Lee, Christenson), St. Paul's Hospital; School of Population and Public Health (Buxton, Helmer), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Emergency Health Services (Helmer), Vancouver, BC; Division of Cardiology (van Diepen), Department of Medicine, and Department of Critical Care Medicine (van Diepen), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Chan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
Sean van DiepenDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (Leung, Chan), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Duke Clinical Research Institute (Leung), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Grunau, Christenson), University of British Columbia; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes (Grunau, Lee, Christenson), St. Paul's Hospital; School of Population and Public Health (Buxton, Helmer), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Emergency Health Services (Helmer), Vancouver, BC; Division of Cardiology (van Diepen), Department of Medicine, and Department of Critical Care Medicine (van Diepen), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Chan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
Jim ChristensonDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (Leung, Chan), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Duke Clinical Research Institute (Leung), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Grunau, Christenson), University of British Columbia; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes (Grunau, Lee, Christenson), St. Paul's Hospital; School of Population and Public Health (Buxton, Helmer), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Emergency Health Services (Helmer), Vancouver, BC; Division of Cardiology (van Diepen), Department of Medicine, and Department of Critical Care Medicine (van Diepen), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Chan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
Timothy C Y ChanDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (Leung, Chan), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Duke Clinical Research Institute (Leung), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Grunau, Christenson), University of British Columbia; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes (Grunau, Lee, Christenson), St. Paul's Hospital; School of Population and Public Health (Buxton, Helmer), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Emergency Health Services (Helmer), Vancouver, BC; Division of Cardiology (van Diepen), Department of Medicine, and Department of Critical Care Medicine (van Diepen), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Chan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMore than 85 000 people die annually across North America from opioid poisoning; naloxone in the hands of the public is an effective intervention and saves lives. We compared the accessibility of different placement strategies for public-access naloxone kits.

methodsWe evaluated all opioid-poisoning incidents recorded by BC Emergency Health Services between December 2014 and August 2020 in Metro Vancouver, Canada. We determined the number of opioid poisonings "covered" (i.e., within a 3-minute walk) by 3 different coverage strategies: (1) existing locations participating in take-home naloxone programs; (2) blanket naloxone kit placement at chain businesses, pharmacies, and registered public-defibrillator locations; and (3) optimization-based strategic kit placement at transit stops based on historical poisonings.

resultsWe included 14 089 opioid poisonings. Existing locations participating in take-home naloxone programs (647 locations) covered 4988 (35.4%) opioid poisonings. Chain businesses (10-233 locations) covered 6 (0.0%) to 1165 (8.3%) opioid poisonings, and chain business categories (12-810 locations), pharmacies (790 locations), and public-defibrillator locations (980 locations) covered 97 (0.7%) to 3152 (22.4%) opioid poisonings. Optimization-based strategic placement of naloxone kits at transit stops yielded generally higher coverage levels, ranging from 2907 (20.6%) opioid poisonings covered with 10 kit locations, to 7506 (53.3%) with 1000 kit locations.

interpretationOptimized placement of publicly accessible naloxone kits at transit locations was most effective at improving public accessibility of naloxone, and blanket placement at take-home naloxone program locations covered a substantial proportion of opioid poisonings. Public-access naloxone may improve community access to naloxone in response to opioid poisonings.

Indexed as

Analgesics, OpioidDrug OverdoseEmergency Medical ServicesHealth Services AccessibilityNaloxoneNarcotic AntagonistsOpiate OverdoseBritish ColumbiaHumansSpatial AnalysisAnalgesics, OpioidNaloxoneNarcotic Antagonists

Identifiers

PMID40097007
PMCPMC11913478

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.