Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40096604›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2025

Audible enclaves crafted by nonlinear self-bending ultrasonic beams.

Jia-Xin Zhong, Jun Ji, Xiaoxing Xia, Hyeonu Heo, Yun Jing

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Tunable Sound Absorption via Evanescent-Wave Coupling in Asymmetric Bilayer Metasurfaces.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  3. Audible enclaves crafted by nonlinear self-bending ultrasonic beams.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Jia-Xin Zhong *Graduate Program in Acoustics, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
Jun Ji *Graduate Program in Acoustics, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
Xiaoxing XiaLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550.
Hyeonu HeoGraduate Program in Acoustics, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
Yun JingGraduate Program in Acoustics, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.ORCID 0000-0003-2960-5292

Funding

National Science Foundation (NSF) 2401236PSU | Penn State College of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State Engineering) N/A
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Delivering audible content to a targeted listener without disturbing others is paramount in audio engineering. However, achieving this goal has long been challenging due to the diffraction of low-frequency (long-wavelength) audio waves in linear acoustics. Here, we introduce an approach for creating remote audio spots, dubbed audible enclaves, by harnessing the local nonlinear interaction of two self-bending ultrasonic beams with distinct spectra. The self-bending ultrasonic beams created by acoustic metasurfaces, though inaudible, can bypass obstacles such as human heads. At their intersection behind obstacles, highly localized audible enclaves are formed due to the local nonlinear interactions. Additionally, we demonstrate the ultrabroadband capabilities of our metasurface-based implementation both numerically and experimentally, spanning from 125 Hz to 4 kHz (6 octave bands), covering the majority of the audible frequency range. The practicality of our proposed technique is underscored by its compact implementation size (0.16 m, equivalent to 0.06 wavelengths at 125 Hz), as well as its robust performance under wideband transient audio signal excitation and in a common room with reverberations. Our proposed audible enclaves hold significant potential for various applications in advanced audio engineering, including private speech communications, immersive spatial audio reproduction, and high-resolution sound/quiet zone control.

Indexed as

metasurfacenonlinear acousticsself-bending beamssound/quiet zone controlspatial audio

Identifiers

PMID40096604
PMCPMC11962445

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.