Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40096116›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025

At-Home Stroke Neurorehabilitation: Early Findings with the NeuroExo BCI System.

Juan José González-España, Lianne Sánchez-Rodríguez, Maxine Annel Pacheco-Ramírez, Jeff Feng, Kathryn Nedley, Shuo-Hsiu Chang, Gerard E Francisco, Jose L Contreras-Vidal

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Brain-computer interface: an update for the clinicians.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Juan José González-EspañaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0134-7762
Lianne Sánchez-RodríguezDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.ORCID 0009-0003-5021-8577
Maxine Annel Pacheco-RamírezDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0113-5911
Jeff FengNoninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry-University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5777-1250
Kathryn NedleyDepartment of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Shuo-Hsiu ChangDepartment of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9173-2044
Gerard E FranciscoDepartment of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5681-1916
Jose L Contreras-VidalDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6499-1208

Funding

National Science Foundation 1827769NSF Industry-University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) 2137255
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDemocratized access to safe and effective robotic neurorehabilitation for stroke survivors requires innovative, affordable solutions that can be used not only in clinics but also at home. This requires the high usability of the devices involved to minimize costs associated with support from physical therapists or technicians.

methodsThis paper describes the early findings of the NeuroExo brain-machine interface (BMI) with an upper-limb robotic exoskeleton for stroke neurorehabilitation. This early feasibility study consisted of a six-week protocol, with an initial training and BMI calibration phase at the clinic followed by 60 sessions of neuromotor therapy at the homes of the participants. Pre- and post-assessments were used to assess users' compliance and system performance.

resultsParticipants achieved a compliance rate between 21% and 100%, with an average of 69%, while maintaining adequate signal quality and a positive perceived BMI performance during home usage with an average Likert scale score of four out of five. Moreover, adequate signal quality was maintained for four out of five participants throughout the protocol. These findings provide valuable insights into essential components for comprehensive rehabilitation therapy for stroke survivors. Furthermore, linear mixed-effects statistical models showed a significant reduction in trial duration (

conclusionsthe analysis of these findings suggests that a low-cost, safe, simple-to-use BMI system for at-home stroke rehabilitation is feasible.

Indexed as

Brain-Computer InterfacesNeurological RehabilitationStrokeStroke RehabilitationAdultAgedExoskeleton DeviceFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRoboticsbrain–computer interfaceselectroencephalographyhome therapymovement intent detectionstroke rehabilitationwearables

Identifiers

PMID40096116
PMCPMC11902522

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.