ArticleJapanese journal of ophthalmology2025
Impact of prolonged digital device use on acquired comitant esotropia: ACE-DD study 2.
Article in Japanese journal of ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Acute acquired comitant esotropia in the smartphone era: a narrative review.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Changes in Distance Ocular Deviation After Smartphone Viewing in Young Adults Without Manifest Strabismus.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Article
- Clinical efficacy, safety, and success factors of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of acute acquired comitant esotropia.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo investigate changes in strabismus angles in children and young adult patients with recent onset of constant acquired comitant esotropia (ACE) following instructions on hand-held digital devices (DD). STUDY
designProspective multicenter non-randomized interventional study.
methodsThis study included subjects aged 5-35 years who developed ACE within 1 year. Subjects were divided into two groups: (i) subjects who used DD for an average of ≥120 minutes/day for junior high-school students and older and ≥60 minutes/day for primary-school students and younger (DD+); and (ii) subjects who used DD for less than that (DD-) based on the questionnaire at the study's start. During the initial visit, glasses were prescribed when necessary; verbal instructions on DD use including time reduction and viewing-distance elongation were provided. For each group, strabismus angles at the initial visit and at 3 months were compared. Cure was defined as esophoria within 8 prism diopters without symptoms.
resultsIn total, 181 cases were investigated. At baseline, strabismus angles in DD+ and DD- groups were 23±14 PD and 25±15 PD at near and 25±13 PD and 27±14 PD at distance, respectively. At 3 months, they were 22±16 PD and 25±15 PD at near and 23±14 PD and 27±13 PD at distance, respectively. Only in the DD+ group, reduction in strabismus angle was observed, but this was not clinically significant. Ten and 1 subjects in DD+ and DD- groups were cured.
conclusionAlthough changes in strabismus angles were not large enough, DD use instructions were beneficial for some ACE subjects.
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