ReviewACS materials Au2025
Glucose-Responsive Materials for Smart Insulin Delivery: From Protein-Based to Protein-Free Design.
Review in ACS materials Au, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Human Glucoregulatory Model for the Rational Design and Evaluation of Diabetes Therapeutics.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Hydrogel microneedles functioning in pathological surroundings: where soft materials overcome hard scars.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Smart Bioinks for 4D Bioprinting: Requirements, Design, and Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Biocompatible Nanogels Synthesized via RAFT Polymerization for Long-Acting Onset-Controllable Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery in Diabetic Mice.Advanced functional materials · 2026Article
- Data-Driven Development of Biomedical Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery: Clinical Applications and Emerging Machine-Learning Approaches.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Glucose-Responsive Nanomedicine in Diabetes Therapy: Emerging Advances and Clinical Prospects.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Nanoparticulate and Hydrogel Vehicles for Stimuli-Responsive and Sustained Controlled Release of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Nanoparticle-Enabled Biomaterials for Controlled Drug Delivery in Implantable and Wearable Devices.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Spatiotemporal immunomodulation with programmable biomaterials to promote musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Intelligent Hydrocolloid-Based Delivery Systems: Innovations in Pharmacy and Cosmetics.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Flexible polymeric materials and wearable biosensors for smart diabetes mellitus diagnostics and monitoring.iScience · 2026Review
- Hydrogels-Advanced Polymer Platforms for Drug Delivery.Polymers · 2026Review
- Materials and System Design for Self-Decision Bioelectronic Systems.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Biocompatible Stimuli-Sensitive Natural Hydrogels: Recent Advances in Biomedical Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Systematic Development and Characterization of Enzyme-Free, Borax-Crosslinked Microneedles for Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery and In Vivo Glycemic Mitigation.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Liposomal Nanosystems Versus Hydrogels in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Advancements in Hydrogels: A Comprehensive Review of Natural and Synthetic Innovations for Biomedical Applications.Polymers · 2025Review
- Microenvironment-responsive peptide hydrogels: molecular mechanisms, design and frontiers.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the last four decades, glucose-responsive materials have emerged as promising candidates for developing smart insulin delivery systems, offering an alternative approach to treating diabetes. These materials replicate the pancreas's natural "closed loop" insulin secretion function by detecting changes in blood glucose levels and releasing insulin accordingly. This perspective highlights the evolution of glucose-responsive materials from protein-based materials, such as glucose oxidase (GOx), and glucose-binding proteins, such as concanavalin A (ConA), to protein-free materials, including phenylboronic acid (PBA) and their applications in smart insulin delivery. We first describe protein-based glucose-responsive systems that depend on different macromolecules, including enzymes and proteins, that interact directly with glucose to promote insulin release. However, these systems encounter significant stability, scalability, and immunogenicity challenges. In contrast, protein-free systems include hydrogels, nanogels/microgels, and microneedle patches, offering long-term stability and storability. In this direction, we discuss the design principles, mechanisms of glucose/pH sensitivity, and the disintegration of both protein-based and protein-free systems into different glucose environments. Finally, we outline the key challenges, potential solutions, and prospects for developing smart insulin delivery systems.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.