ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2025
Exogenous Galectin-9 prevents peri-implantitis in rats by regulating macrophage polarization.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in peri-implantitis: bioinformatics and machine learning analysis with in vivo experiment.Odontology · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles as Orchestrators of Osteoimmunomodulation in Peri-Implantitis: Implications for Bone Regeneration.Clinical implant dentistry and related research · 2026Review
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Peri-implantitis (PI) is a common complication of oral implants with no definitive treatment strategy. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are involved in PI by activating macrophages and influencing osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Galactin-9 (Gal-9) is known for its immunomodulatory properties and interactions with macrophage polarization receptors. This study investigated the mechanism of prophylactic exogenous Gal-9 in the prevention and treatment of PI in rats. Methods: Male SD rats with titanium implants were divided into the Control, Saline, and Gal-9 groups. Rats in the Saline group and Gal-9 group were prophylactically administered Gal-9 and Saline, respectively, before inducing PI. Periodontal examinations, X-ray imaging, flow cytometry analyses, and micro-CT evaluations were conducted to assess clinical, imaging, and immunological parameters. Results: After inducing PI, the implant loss rate in the Gal-9 group was lower than that in the Saline group. The gingival index was higher in the Saline group and Gal-9 group compared to the Control group. The bleeding on probing positivity rate was higher in the Saline group than in the other two groups. X-ray and micro-CT images both showed lower alveolar bone resorption in the Gal-9 group than in the Saline group. Flow cytometry showed that the proportions of M1-type macrophages and M2-type macrophages, and M1/M2 ratio were lower in the Gal-9 group than those in the Saline group. Multivariate linear regression indicated that Tb.Th had the greatest impact on the gingival index and Tb.Sp had the greatest impact on the M1/M2 ratio. Conclusion: Exogenous Gal-9 administration demonstrated promising effects in mitigating inflammation associated with PI in rat models by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and enhancing alveolar bone stability.
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