Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40092448›Full record

Article3 Biotech2025

Fostering kappa (κ)-carrageenan hydrogels with the power of a natural crosslinker: a comparison between tender coconut water and potassium chloride (KCl) for therapeutic applications.

Atharva Markale, Tarun Mateti, K Likhith, S Supriya Bhatt, K M Rajesh, Vishwanath Managuli, Manasa Nune, Ritu Raval, Pradeep Kumar, Goutam Thakur

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in 3 Biotech, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The Influence of Stinging Nettle (Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Atharva Markale *Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka 576104 India.
Tarun Mateti *Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA.
K Likhith *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka 576104 India.
S Supriya BhattManipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065 India.
K M RajeshDepartment of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka 576104 India.
Vishwanath ManaguliDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka 576104 India.
Manasa NuneManipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065 India.
Ritu RavalDepartment of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka 576104 India.
Pradeep KumarWits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193 South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-8640-4350
Goutam ThakurDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka 576104 India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study investigated the potential of tender coconut water as a natural alternative to potassium chloride (KCl) to crosslink κ-carrageenan hydrogels. κ-Carrageenan hydrogels crosslinked with tender coconut water, KCl, and their combination were formulated with diclofenac sodium as model drug, and their morphology, chemical bonding, compressive strength, water uptake capacity, degradation resistance, and cytotoxicity were assessed. The results showed that crosslinking κ-carrageenan hydrogels with both tender coconut water and KCl increased their compressive strength by up to 450%, provided excellent water retention capacity, and resulted in only 5% degradation after 20 days. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that crosslinking the hydrogel with both tender coconut water and KCl compacted its morphological structure, which remained biocompatible when tested with 3T3 cells. Infrared analysis confirmed that incorporated diclofenac sodium remained inert during preparation of the hydrogel matrices. Furthermore, the in vitro release behavior and antimicrobial properties of the hydrogels were assessed. The drug release profile from hydrogels crosslinked with both tender coconut water and KCl was sustained over 24 h. Such hydrogels also showed a unique antibacterial activity against Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04254-0.

Indexed as

Antibacterial activityBiocompatibilityDiclofenac sodiumDrug deliveryPolymer matrixPolysaccharidesTissue engineering

Identifiers

PMID40092448
PMCPMC11908996

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.