SynthesisScandinavian journal of immunology2025
Factors Involved in Thymic Atrophy in Severely Malnourished Children: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Scandinavian journal of immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- From pantry to physiology: A narrative review linking food insecurity to biological dysfunction.Dialogues in health · 2026Review
- Analysis of the predictive value of 3-day cumulative energy deficit for 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis and nutritional risk: a retrospective study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- The Invisible Lens: Why Theoretical Models Are Essential for Interpreting Immune Phenomena.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To determine leptin's effect on the thymus, we gathered data on leptin levels, ghrelin, cortisol and cytokine levels. The aim of the study was to map leptin's effect on the thymus when malnourished. Pubmed and Embase were searched for articles by the search terms 'malnutrition' and 'leptin'. The risk of bias was assessed by using JBI critical appraisal tools. Results were presented in tables and forest plots generated using STATA. A total of 16 articles were included. All articles included in the study are researching leptin, cortisol, or ghrelin, as well as cytokines. Forest plots were created for leptin, ghrelin, cortisol, Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and Interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Leptin had an overall effect size of 3.01 (95% CI 0.51; 5.51), ghrelin had an overall effect size of -1.71 (-2.97, -0.45), cortisol had an overall effect size of -1.16 (-1.49, -0.83), IL-10 had an overall effect size of -0.34 (95% CI -0.54; -0.14) and IFN-γ had an overall effect size of -0.02 (95% CI -0.25; 0.22), respectively. Our data revealed a decrease in leptin levels and an increase in cortisol, ghrelin and IL-10 when compared with control. This review displayed a relationship between leptin, cortisol, ghrelin and thymus atrophy. The change in T-helper cells contributes to the increased thymocyte depletion seen when severely malnourished. Leptin cannot explain all the changes observed, but may give insight into how it is a contributing factor in the changes the thymus undergoes.
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Registered trials
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