ArticleScientific reports2025
Pain classification using functional near infrared spectroscopy and assessment of virtual reality effects in cancer pain management.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Functional brain connectivity correlates of pain relief during virtual reality exposure in cancer patients.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Functional near-infrared spectroscopy for the detection of fear using parameterized quantum circuits.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Objective monitoring of acute pain and nociception in anaesthesia and intensive care: evidence and applications.Anaesthesiology intensive therapy · 2025Review
- Most prominent challenges in translational neuroscience and strategic solutions to bridge the gaps: Perspectives from an editorial board interrogation.Exploration of neuroscience · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Objective measurements of pain and safe methods to alleviate it could revolutionize medicine. This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and virtual reality (VR) to improve pain assessment and explore non-pharmacological pain relief in cancer patients. Using resting-state fNIRS (rs-fNIRS) data and multinomial logistic regression (MLR), we identified brain-based pain biomarkers and classified pain severity in cancer patients. Participants included healthy individuals who underwent rs-fNIRS recording without VR (Group A), cancer patients who underwent rs-fNIRS recording both before and after engaging in the Oceania relaxation program VR intervention (Group B), and cancer patients who underwent rs-fNIRS recording without VR (Group C). All participants wore a wireless fNIRS headcap for brain activity recording. Pain severity was self-reported by patients using the FACES Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R). fNIRS data were analyzed with MLR, categorizing pain into no/mild (0-4/10), moderate (5-7/10), and severe (8-10/10) levels. The MLR model classified pain severity in an unseen test group, selected using the leave-one-participant-out technique and repeated across all participants, achieving an accuracy of 74%. VR significantly reduced pain intensity (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P < 0.001), with significant changes in brain functional connectivity patterns (P < 0.05). Additionally, 75.61% of patients experienced pain reductions exceeding the clinically relevant threshold of 30%. These findings underscore the potential of fNIRS for pain assessment and VR as a useful non-pharmacological intervention for cancer-related pain management, with broader implications for clinical pain management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.