ArticleImmunity2025
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment potentiates immune checkpoint blockade through a BAFF- and IL-12-dependent reprogramming of the TME.
Article in Immunity, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine injections combined with chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a Bayesian network meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- Distinct Spatially Resolved Tumor Microenvironment Trajectories Define Benefit from Ramucirumab plus Pembrolizumab in Refractory PD-L1+ Gastric Cancer.Cancer immunology research · 2026Trial
- Ecosystem-matched reprogramming of the tumor-immune microenvironment to overcome cancer immunotherapy resistance.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Pilot report of an anti-PD-1/VEGF bispecific antibody for treating recurrent H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline gliomas.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Hypoxia shapes both therapeutic response and resistance in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Cancer cell · 2026Article
- Notch3/4 Knockdown Inhibits Colon Adenocarcinoma Progression by Suppressing Tumor Cell Activity and Orchestrating VEGFA-Dependent Tumor Immune Microenvironment.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Prognostic analysis and beneficiary population exploration of subsequent treatment regimens after third-generation EGFR-TKIs failure in EGFR-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Article
- Blood-based kinase activity profiling to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced stage NSCLC: the prospective IOpener study.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Targeting VEGF signaling and stromal remodeling enhances chemoimmunotherapy efficacy in esophageal cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Safety and efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with albumin-bound paclitaxel and fluorouracil-based agents as second-line therapy in biliary tract cancers.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Article
- Clearing the bar: adding anti-VEGF therapy to chemoimmunotherapy for biliary tract cancer.Journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- Single-Nucleus Multi-Omics Reveals Hypoxia-Driven Angiogenic Programs and Their Epigenetic Control in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A case report of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to tislelizumab and bevacizumab combination therapy for renal cell carcinoma.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Case Report: Tumor regression and neurological recovery in paraplegia from POLD1-mutated hepatocellular carcinoma treated with targeted immunotherapy and electroacupuncture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Anlotinib as Third-Line or Later Therapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Real-World Efficacy and Safety Outcomes.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Article
- Targeted therapy in thyroid cancer: molecular alterations and clinical management.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Progression-free survival 3 of 22 months achieved through third-line therapy with adebrelimab in patient with recurrent chordoma: a case report.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment has shown clinical activity together with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), but the exact mechanism is not known. We show that VEGF blockade in combination with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4) + anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) potentiated a multimodal mechanism dependent on B cell activating factor (BAFF), leading to a proinflammatory B cell response. It led to a BAFF- and interleukin (IL)-12-dependent expansion and rewiring of T regulatory cells (Tregs) toward an anti-tumor T helper-1 (Th-1)-like fragile state. We translated this approach to the clinic and observed immunological changes characterized by Treg cell expansion and rewiring toward fragile and unstable states. We explored the effect of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling on Treg cell transcriptional programming and established a mouse model ablating VEGFR2 expression on Treg cells. This study reveals the immunological interplay resulting from targeting VEGF together with CTLA-4 and PD-L1 blockade.
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