ArticleEuropean journal of pediatrics2025
Global, regional, and national burden of congenital heart disease, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in European journal of pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Preoperative brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcomes in syndromic and non-syndromic children with complex congenital heart disease: a single-centre cohort study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- The impact of PMScientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- The trends of congenital heart defects burden in BRICS-plus from 1990 to 2021 and its projection to 2035.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Observational
- Global burden of developmental intellectual disability in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease, 1990-2021: a population-based study.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Pediatric Cardiology Training and Certification in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Cross-Sectional Regional Survey of Current Practice.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Factors associated with preterm birth and low birth weight among infants with congenital heart disease in Changsha City, China, 2022-2024.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Can development alone save lives? trends and forecasts of congenital heart anomalies-attributable premature mortality in ASEAN.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of a Predictive Screening Model for Congenital Heart Disease in High-Altitude Children.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
- Machine Learning Reveals Novel Pediatric Heart Failure Phenotypes with Distinct Mortality and Hospitalization Outcomes.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Health Information Behavior in Parents of Children With Congenital Heart Disease in China: Qualitative Study Through the Lens of Chinese Culture.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- The evolving burden of childhood meningitis in low- and middle-income countries, 1990-2021: a decomposition and frontier analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- NOTCH1 and UPR signaling in embryonic heart development under maternal high-fat diet influence.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a major birth defect characterized by structural and functional heart abnormalities. This study provides updated estimates of CHD prevalence, mortality, and disability using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database. We examined the age-standardized rates of CHD prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021, stratified by gender, age group, and region. Temporal trends were evaluated using the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and associations with the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) were examined to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic development. From 1990 to 2021, the global age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of CHD remained stable (EAPC: 0.04%, 95% CI: 0.03%-0.05%), while the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) (EAPC: -2.38%, 95% CI: -2.44% to -2.32%) and DALYs rate (EAPC: -2.34%, 95% CI: -2.40% to -2.28%) showed significant declines. Among the SDI quintiles, low-SDI regions had the highest ASMR and age-standardized DALYs rates, whereas high-SDI regions demonstrated the highest ASPR. Males experienced higher ASMR and age-standardized DALYs rates than females. Meanwhile, infants under 28 days exhibited the highest prevalence rate (1,539.77 per 100,000 population, 95% UI: 1,309.62 to 1,805.88), mortality rate (760.25 per 100,000 population, 95% UI: 609.51 to 944.66), and DALYs rate (68,489.79 per 100,000 population, 95% UI: 54,902.56 to 85,088.24) in 2021.
conclusionDespite the global decline in CHD-related mortality and DALYs, targeted strategies are crucial for low-SDI regions, males, and infants under 28 days. Improving prenatal screening, maternal nutrition, and pediatric cardiology services can address persistent disparities in CHD outcomes. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Congenital heart disease (CHD), characterized by structural and functional heart abnormalities during embryonic development, is one of the most common type of congenital defects. • While the global age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) related to CHD declined significantly from 1990 to 2017, it remained notably high in low-SDI and lower-middle-SDI regions in 2017. WHAT IS NEW: • Infants under 28 days of age had the highest prevalence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) rates related to CHD. • Males had higher ASMR and age-standardized DALYs rates compared to females.
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