Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40086629›Full record

ArticleJournal of advanced research2026

Trained immunity using probiotics and inactivated pathogens enhances resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection by activating the cGAS-STING signal pathway in mice and chickens.

Junpeng Jia, Wenxin Ji, Ningna Xiong, Jian Lin, Qian Yang

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of advanced research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Junpeng JiaMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
Wenxin JiMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
Ningna XiongMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
Jian LinMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China. Electronic address: linjian@njau.edu.cn.
Qian YangMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionConcerns about antibiotic resistance have prompted interest in alternative strategies for enhancing disease resistance, particularly in livestock and poultry production.

objectivesThis study explored the role of trained immunity in enhancing resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection in mice and chickens.

methodsWe investigated the effects of probiotics and inactivated pathogenic bacterial strains on host immunity in Toll-like receptor 2-deficient mice (TLR2

resultsProbiotics and inactivated pathogenic strains enhanced host immunity and protected against S. Typhimurium infection. As demonstrated in the TLR2-deficient mice, the effects were not dependent on bacterial outer membrane components. Instead, bacterial genomes played a significant role in activating trained immunity. Macrophages were identified as the primary cells that mediated the response with the cGAS-STING pathway playing a crucial role. The results observed using the mouse models led to investigating the potential application of trained immunity in poultry.

conclusionTrained immunity activated by probiotics and inactivated bacterial pathogens enhanced resistance against S. Typhimurium infection via macrophage activation and involved the cGAS-STING pathway. These findings highlight the potential of trained immunity as an alternative strategy for disease prevention in both livestock and poultry.

Indexed as

Disease ResistanceMembrane ProteinsNucleotidyltransferasesProbioticsSalmonella Infections, AnimalSalmonella typhimuriumAnimalsChickensCyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate SynthaseImmunity, InnateMacrophagesMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutSignal TransductionSTING ProteincGAS protein, mouseCyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate SynthaseMembrane ProteinsNucleotidyltransferasesSting1 protein, mouseSTING ProteinToll-Like Receptor 2Bacterial genomecGAS-STING pathwayMacrophagesS. TyphimuriumTrained immunity

Identifiers

PMID40086629
PMCPMC12766225

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.