Advances in actinobacteria-based bioremediation: mechanistic insights, genetic regulation, and emerging technologies.

Untreated wastewater from sewage, industries, and agriculture contaminates ecosystems due to rapid population growth and industrialization. It introduces hazardous pollutants, including pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals, which pose serious health risks such as cancer, lung disorders, and kidney damage, threatening both environmental and human well-being. Using microorganisms for bioremediation is thought to be safer and more effective. Compared to other approaches, bioremediation is the most effective way to absorb heavy metals. Due to the high cost and unreliability of traditional remediation techniques, such as chemical and physical treatments, interest in bioremediation as an environmentally benign substitute has grown. Through the use of microorganisms, bioremediation successfully removes heavy metals and breaks down organic contaminants from contaminated circumstances. Actinobacteria are unique among these microbes because of their flexibility in metabolism and capacity to endure severe environments. They create secondary metabolites, such as enzymes, that help break down a variety of pollutants. Actinobacteria also produce siderophores and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which aid in trapping organic contaminants and immobilizing heavy metals. This review explores the diverse applications of actinobacteria in bioremediation, with a focus on their mechanisms for breaking down and neutralizing pollutants. We highlighted the advancements in bioremediation strategies, including the use of mixed microbial cultures, biosurfactants, nanoparticles and immobilized cell technologies which enhance the efficiency and sustainability of pollutant removal. The integration of omics technologies such as metagenomics, meta-transcriptomics, and meta-proteomics provides deeper insights into the genetic and metabolic pathways involved in bioremediation, suggesting the way for the development of genetically optimized strains with enhanced degradation capabilities. By leveraging these emerging technologies and microbial strategies, actinobacteria-mediated bioremediation presents a highly promising approach for mitigating environmental pollution. Ongoing research and technological advancements in this field can further enhance the scalability and applicability of bioremediation techniques, offering sustainable solutions for restoring contaminated ecosystems and protecting human health.