ReviewStroke2025
Genetic Insights Into Hemorrhagic Stroke and Vascular Malformations: Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.
Review in Stroke, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- MicroRNA-21-3p regulation of NADPH oxidase 4 and vascular endothelial growth factor A contributes to hemorrhage in cerebral cavernous malformations.Non-coding RNA research · 2026Article
- Article
- A novel m7G RNA methylation-related signature associated with MAPK signaling pathways in acute ischemic stroke.PloS one · 2026Article
- Recent advances in biomarkers for cardiac fibrosis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Association between stress hyperglycemic ratio and stroke in older people with metabolic syndrome: a prospective cohort study from UK Biobank.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Characterizing the Microenvironment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations to Test Novel Treatment Modalities.Brain sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), and intracranial aneurysms are major causes of hemorrhagic stroke, yet noninvasive therapies to prevent growth or rupture are lacking. Understanding the genetic basis of these malformations is critical for uncovering underlying mechanisms, developing targeted prevention strategies, and identifying novel therapeutic targets. This review highlights the causal genes and signaling pathways in AVMs, CCMs, and intracranial aneurysms, noting both their commonalities and differences. For AVMs, somatic mutations in the RAS (rat sarcoma virus)/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and MAPK/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway are key, particularly in sporadic cases, whereas hereditary conditions like hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and capillary malformation-AVM involve the TGF-β (transforming growth factor β), Ephrin receptor, and angiopoietin-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) signaling pathways. In CCMs, pathways affecting endothelial junctions and vascular stability, such as the ROCK (RhoA/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases) pathway, play a central role. Although the genetic drivers of intracranial aneurysms are more diverse and less clearly linked to specific pathways, there is some overlap with genes in the TGF-β and endothelial function pathways seen in AVMs and CCMs. Emerging therapies for AVMs and CCMs include MAPK/ERK inhibitors, anti-VEGF treatments, and RhoA/ROCK inhibitors, showing potential in preclinical models. Due to the genetic overlap, these advancements may also offer future therapeutic strategies for intracranial aneurysms. As personalized medicine progresses, the development of reliable biomarkers, such as the candidate biomarker VEGF for AVMs and CCMs, will be crucial for guiding treatment decisions. In conclusion, ongoing research into genetic pathways holds promise for novel therapeutic targets that could transform the management of vascular malformations and reduce the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.