ReviewBirth defects research2025
Review: Hormone Pregnancy Tests Were Teratogenic by the Same Failed Abortion and Hypoxia-Related Mechanism as Misoprostol.
Review in Birth defects research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Learning with Patient Campaigners About a German Drug Scandal*.Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte · 2026Article
- Recurrent Constellations of Embryonic Malformations (RCEM): Teratogenicity Linked to Transient Hypoxia and Hormone Pregnancy Tests Agrees With RCEM and Suggest a Reactive Oxygen Species Pathogenesis.Birth defects research · 2026Review
- [Mechanism analysis of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in alleviating oxidative stress and promoting osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells through activating Nrf2/NQO1 pathway].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionHormone pregnancy tests (HPTs), containing synthetic progesterone and oestrogen, were used to diagnose pregnancy in the 1950s to early 1980s. An existing pregnancy was purported to be unaffected while expulsion of the uterine lining (withdrawal bleed) was supposed to occur if the woman was not pregnant. However, studies in the 1960s-1980s associated HPTs with teratogenicity and some countries banned their use in the early 1970s. Following renewed scientific and political interest, studies were published from 2014-2023. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis review evaluates whether HPTs fulfil scientific criteria to be teratogenic based on results in old and newer human, animal and mechanistic studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The evaluation shows that HPT teratogenicity is identical to the established human teratogen misoprostol, with limb reductions, neural tube defects and urinary-renal system defects as the most significant. The evaluation also presents evidence for abnormal uterine contractions and failed abortion (but the embryo survives) and hypoxia/ROS-related damage (including vascular disruption) in the embryo secondary to compression of uterine/embryonic vessels, as underlying the teratogenicity. Animal studies show human malformations associated with HPTs could be induced by a single period of embryonic hypoxia, and that HPTs have both abortive and teratogenic potential.
conclusionAltogether, HPTs fulfil criteria to be characterised as a human teratogen.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.