ArticleExperimental and therapeutic medicine2025
Incidence and mortality related risk factors in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: A meta‑analysis.
Article in Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impacts of intracranial pressure monitoring on mortality and length of stay in severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2026Pooled it
- Severe traumatic brain injury and long-term survival: a meta-analysis on life expectancy and mortality trends.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Outcomes of Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in a Low-Resource Setting.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Impact of Initial Care at a Neurosurgery-Capable Facility on Mortality Among Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in South Africa.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Association between fresh frozen plasma transfusion and mortality stratified by Glasgow Coma Scale scores in isolated traumatic brain injury: a nationwide cohort study in Japan.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2026Article
- Protected-Airway Local/Regional Analgesia-Dominant Strategy Versus General Anesthesia and ICU Length of Stay in Elderly Patients with Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Possible detrimental effects of postponed intubation during interhospital transfer of severely brain injured patients: retrospective analysis of the Traumaregister DGUEuropean journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2026Article
- Association of the prealbumin-albumin nutritional index with short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
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- Ubiquitous calpastatin overexpression in brain-injured mice attenuates motor and cognitive behavioral deficits without overt neuroprotection.Molecular and cellular neurosciences · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The present study aimed to clarify the onset of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and identify mortality-related risk factors in patients with severe TBI, to enable the early identification of high-risk individuals and timely implementation of prevention and treatment strategies to minimize mortality rates. Comprehensive database searches were conducted across Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL and EMBASE, covering publications from database inception until October 17, 2023. Search terms in English included 'head trauma', 'brain trauma', 'mortality', 'death' and 'risk factor'. In total, two independent researchers screened and extracted the data on mortality onset and associated risk factors in patients with severe TBI. Meta-analysis was performed using R 4.2.2. A total of 33 cohort studies, including 71,718 patients with severe TBI, were selected for meta-analysis. The data indicated an overall mortality rate of 27.8% (95%CI: 22.5-33.2%) from database inception until October 17, 2023. Subgroup analysis revealed a mortality rate of 25.2% (95%CI: 20.2-30.1%) in developed countries, compared with 38.0% (95%CI: 21.4-54.7%) in developing countries. Additionally, the mean age of deceased patients was significantly higher compared with that of survivors (41.53±16.47). Key risk factors found to be associated with mortality included anemia [relative risk (RR), 1.42; 95%CI, 1.04-1.93], diabetes mellitus (RR, 1.40; 95%CI, 1.00-1.96), coagulopathy (RR, 4.31; 95%CI, 2.31-8.05), shock (RR, 3.41; 95%CI, 2.31-5.04) and systolic blood pressure≤90 mmHg (RR, 2.32; 95%CI, 1.65-3.27). Furthermore, pre-hospital intubation (RR, 1.48; 95%CI, 1.13-1.92),hypotension (RR, 2.04; 95%CI: 1.58, 2.63), hypoxemia (RR, 1.42; 95%CI: 1.13, 1.79), subdural hemorrhage (RR, 1.99; 95%CI: 1.50, 2.62), subarachnoid hemorrhage (RR, 1.64; 95%CI: 1.09, 2.47) and subdural hematoma (SDH; RR, 1.50; 95%CI: 1.04, 2.17). was identified to be a significant risk factor during hospitalization treatment. These results suggest that various factors, such as age, anemia, diabetes, shock, hypotension, hypoxemia, trauma scores and brain injury types, can all contribute to mortality risk in patients with severe TBI. Addressing these risk factors will likely be important for reducing mortality in this patient population.
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