ReviewImmunotherapy advances2025
Bispecific T-cell engagers for the recruitment of T cells in solid tumors: a literature review.
Review in Immunotherapy advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Exploring current evidence on bispecific CAR-T cell therapy for acute leukemias: a systematic review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Discovery and engineering of bispecific TCR-mimic antibodies targeting peptide-HLA complex.mAbs · 2026Article
- The FAP × CD3 bispecific antibody OMTX305 induces T cell-mediated antitumor effects in patient-derived ex vivo models of solid tumors.Science advances · 2026Article
- Phase 1/1b open-label, first-in-human study of HER2×CD3×CD28 trispecific T-cell engager (SAR443216) in participants with R/R HER2-expressing solid tumors.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Research Progress and Optimization Strategies of Bispecific Antibody Therapies for CLDN18.2-Positive Gastric Cancer.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Review
- Single-Chain Variable Fragment Fusion Proteins for Targeted Delivery and Therapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A phase 1 study of PF-07260437, a B7-H4 × CD3 bispecific T-cell engager, in patients with advanced or metastatic breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer.Investigational new drugs · 2026Article
- From T cell engagers to next-generation immune cell engagers for cancer immunotherapy.Antibody therapeutics · 2026Review
- Neurological complications of current and emerging CAR-T cell therapies.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Review
- Article
- Review
- Targeting T-Cells for Cancer Treatment: Current Clinical Strategies and Challenges.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- A New Paradigm of Bispecific Antibodies in Clinical Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Integrating T cell signaling and metabolism to enhance T cell engager responses in solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Engineering CAR-T cells for solid tumors: overcoming antigenic, trafficking, and microenvironmental barriers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- ImmTACs overcome cytotoxic T cell suppression.Immunotherapy advances · 2026Article
- Review
- From immune exclusion to exhaustion: tumor microenvironment drives therapy response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the past decade, T-cell-based immunotherapies have grown to become some of the most promising treatments for cancer. Following the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors, other T-cell-based therapies emerged including CAR-T cells and bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs). BiTEs have the unique ability to crosslink T cells and tumor cells independently of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction. They do not rely on TCR specificity or the CD4+/CD8+ costimulatory molecules, overcoming tumor MHC downregulation and low-affinity TCR binding. However, like many other immunotherapies, BiTEs have shown limited success beyond the treatment of hematological malignancies. BiTEs for the treatment of solid tumors still face challenges. Studies in gastrointestinal tumors have revealed Fc toxicity, short half-lives, and immunotoxicity, leading to Fc-silenced half-life extended BiTEs with humanized single-chain variable fragments. Studies in prostate tumors, lung tumors, and malignant gliomas have identified promising targets in PSMA, DLL3, and EGFRvIII, respectively, but also highlighted the problems of on-target off-tumor and BiTE-specific toxicities and inaccessible or immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. Ongoing research to overcome these limitations remains an interesting field to follow, as BiTEs have the potential to be a powerful tool, especially when used in combination with other immunotherapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.