ArticleEuropace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology2025
Clinical profile and outcomes among patients with cardiac implantable electronic device presenting as isolated pocket infection, pocket-related infective endocarditis, or lead-related infective endocarditis.
Article in Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Surgical complications of cardiac implantable electronic devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative Analysis of Extraction Complications in Transvenous Versus Leadless Pacemakers.Cureus · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes in CIED-related vs. left-sided infective endocarditis: a nationwide study from the NIDUS registry.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2026Article
- Drug-Resistant Gram-Positive Cocci as Etiological Factors of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections-Data from the EXTRACT Registry.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Validation of the PADIT (prevention of arrhythmia device infection trial) risk score for infection and infection subtypes.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2026Article
- Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device-Related Infective Endocarditis Caused byJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Contemporary practice about cardiac implantable electronic device infections prevention: A French multicenter survey.Heart rhythm O2 · 2026Article
- Clinical Outcomes of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device-Related Endocarditis: An International ID-IRI Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- ORItavancin as a therapeutic regimen for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices infections with multidrug-resistant Gram-positive cocci (ORI-4-CIEDi) pilot study: rationale and design.Cardiology journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsThe clinical spectrum of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections includes isolated pocket infection (IPI), pocket infection complicated by infective endocarditis (PIRIE), and lead-related infective endocarditis (LRIE). The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors, clinical course, and outcomes in patients with CIED infections and to demonstrate differences between PIRIE and LRIE. METHODS AND
resultsThe retrospective analysis of data from 3847 patients undergoing transvenous lead extraction for non-infectious (2640; 68.62%) and infectious (1207; 31.38%) indications, including 361 (29.91%) IPI, 472 (39.11%) PIRIE, and 374 (30.99%) LRIE, showed some differences in risk factors, clinical course, and outcomes between the subgroups. Unlike PIRIE, diabetes [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.488; 95% confidence interval (CI; 1.178-1.879), P < 0.001] and lead abrasion [HR = 2.117; 95% CI (1.665-2.691), P < 0.001] increased the risk of LRIE. The risk of pocket infection spread was greater with Staphylococcus aureus infection [HR = 1.596; 95% CI (1.202-2.120), P < 0.001]. Compared with LRIE, patients with PIRIE had lower levels of inflammatory markers and lower prevalence of vegetations. Mortality in PIRIE compared with LRIE patients was lower (53.18 vs. 62.30%; P < 0.001) and comparable to IPI (50.69%; P = 0.162) at long-term [median 1828 (815-3139) days] follow-up.
conclusionCardiac implantable electronic device infections share common risk factors; however, diabetes and intra-cardiac lead abrasion predispose to LRIE, whereas multiple leads and S. aureus in pocket culture are risk factors for pocket infection spread. Compared with LRIE, the clinical course of PIRIE was milder, and short- and long-term mortalities were lower, but comparable with IPI after >1 year. This may be an argument in favour of categorization into primary LRIE and secondary endocarditis, i.e. PIRIE.
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