ArticleScientific reports2025
Causal effect of the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration on ocular diseases: A Mendelian randomization study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Vitamin D supplementation in diabetic retinopathy: an optical coherence tomography angiography study of changes in macular perfusion.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2026Article
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and prevalent diabetic retinopathy in adults with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective hospital-based matched case-control study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Associations Between Nutritional Factors, Obesity and Ocular Diseases: A Narrative Literature Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- IMI: The Role of Light in Refractive Development and Myopia: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- IMI-Myopia Genetics Report.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia: School-based implementation works.Taiwan journal of ophthalmologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Observational studies report controversial associations between vitamin D levels and ocular diseases. We investigated the potential causal effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] on ocular diseases using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). We examined associations between 25(OH)D and various ocular diseases including age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, myopia, glaucoma, conjunctivitis, keratitis and optic neuritis. Data were from genome-wide association studies of 25(OH)D and ocular diseases. We performed MR analyses using inverse-variance weighted methods with sensitivity analyses. We found no significant causal relationships between 25(OH)D and ocular diseases (all P > 0.05). Tests for heterogeneity (P > 0.05) and pleiotropy (P > 0.05) supported the MR validity. Our MR analysis does not provide evidence supporting a causal relationship between 25(OH)D and ocular disease risk in Europeans. This suggests that previous epidemiological associations may stem from shared biological factors or confounders rather than direct causality. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex relationships between vitamin D and ocular health.
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Registered trials
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