ArticleNeurology2025
Risk of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Individuals With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Sweden.
Article in Neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Mendelian randomization studies on ischemic stroke: a field synopsis and systematic review.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- SRT1720-loaded exosome-mimetic nanovesicles promote mitophagy via SIRT1/PARKIN activation to ameliorate diabetic cerebral infarction in a preclinical rat model.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- The effect of SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, or DPP-4 inhibitors on stroke risk in type 2 diabetes: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study in Sweden with contextualisation analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Global Trends in the Burden of Ischemic Stroke Attributable to Diabetes Versus Atrial Fibrillation.Stroke · 2026Article
- Tirzepatide versus GLP-1 receptor agonists and stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Association of SGLT2 Inhibitor With Stroke in Type 2 Diabetes With Diabetic Retinopathy: A Multicenter Electronic Health Record Data Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Mitigating Stroke Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Through Physical Activity: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Sweden.Journal of stroke · 2026Article
- The need for clinical studies assessing whether weight loss improves functional outcome after stroke in diabetes.BMC medicine · 2026Review
- Neurovascular Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Role of Adipocyte-Derived Exosomes.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Trends in diabetes and stroke-related mortality in the United States, 1999-2024: a population-based analysis.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Association between the newly proposed triglyceride glucose-a body shape index (TyG-ABSI) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the general population: modest diagnostic improvement compared with traditional TyG-related parameters.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Identification of key metabolic indicators associated with the comorbidity of ischemic stroke and diabetes mellitus using an optimal interpretable clinlabomics model.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Potential Molecular Biomarkers for Predicting and Monitoring Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Early brain-heart health manager-led multidimensional rehabilitation improves functional and psychosocial outcomes in hemorrhagic stroke: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Development and validation of an early predictive model for hemiplegic shoulder pain: a comparative study of logistic regression, support vector machine, and random forest.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Carotid endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with carotid artery stenosis and type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study from the USA.BMJ surgery, interventions, & health technologies · 2025Article
- Identification of novel gut microbiota-related biomarkers in cerebral hemorrhagic stroke.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesDiabetes significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular events, including stroke. Although the association with ischemic stroke is well established, the relationship with hemorrhagic stroke remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with diabetes-free controls from the general population.
methodsThis cohort study included individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes from the Swedish National Diabetes Register between 2005 and 2019, matched to diabetes-free controls by age and sex. Data on baseline characteristics, comorbidities, medications, and outcomes were collected from multiple national registers. Stroke incidence rates and adjusted hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models, stratified by diabetes type, for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
resultsThe study included 47,720 individuals with type 1 diabetes (mean age 34.4, 44.8% female) and 686,158 with type 2 diabetes (mean age 65.3, 43.3% female), matched to 143,160 and 2,058,474 controls, respectively. In individuals with type 1 diabetes, the ischemic stroke risk was 2.54 times higher (95% CI 2.36-2.73) and the hemorrhagic stroke risk was 1.88 times higher (95% CI 1.57-2.26) compared with controls. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, the ischemic stroke risk was 1.37 times higher (95% CI 1.35-1.38) while the hemorrhagic stroke risk was not significantly increased (HR: 0.99, 95% CI 0.96-1.02). Higher HbA1c levels were associated with increased ischemic stroke risk for both diabetes types. For hemorrhagic stroke, individuals with type 1 diabetes had significantly higher risk starting at HbA1c > 52 mmol/mol while in those with type 2 diabetes, a modest risk increase was observed only at HbA1c > 72 mmol/mol. DISCUSSION: The risk of ischemic stroke was higher for both diabetes types. Individuals with type 1 diabetes also exhibited a higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke compared with diabetes-free controls while type 2 diabetes was significantly associated with risk of hemorrhagic stroke only when HbA1c was higher than 72 mmol/mol. These findings highlight the increased stroke risk in diabetes, with distinct patterns by stroke subtype and diabetes type. Tailored prevention strategies are essential to address these differences.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.