Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40080305›Full record

ArticleMolecular biology reports2025

A multiplex PCR method to determine the sex of fetal rat tissues.

Cristine Camp, Paige Drotos, Adrian Courville, Miranda Reed, Rachel West

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In one paragraph

Article in Molecular biology reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Cristine Camp *Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
Paige Drotos *Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
Adrian CourvilleDepartment of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
Miranda ReedDepartment of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
Rachel WestAnatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. rcw0043@auburn.edu.

Funding

Elucidation of molecular mechanisms of prenatal cannabinoid exposure: Identification of targets and therapies.R01DA046723 · NIDA · KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY · PI REED, MIRANDA NICOLE, SUPPIRAMANIAM, VISHNU · 2020 to 2024
$1.6M
NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA046723
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFetal and placental sex influence a variety of developmental processes during prenatal life; including metabolism, growth, and the response to in utero insults. Additionally, the National Institute of Health's requirement that sex as a biological variable be included into proposal design necessitates the development of tools to investigate sex during embryonic and fetal life. Rodent models are insightful models in the study of sexual dimorphism due to large litter sizes, short gestation period, and frequency of use as an animal model. In this methods paper, we demonstrate a multiplex PCR method to determine sex in fetal rat tail snips and placentas. METHODS AND

resultsWe designed primers for X-chromosome and Y-chromosome homologs, DDX3X and DDX3Y, and developed a single-step PCR protocol that can determine the presence of both genes in one reaction. We performed PCR on fetal tail snips and placentas to amplify DDX3X only in females or DDX3X and DDX3Y in males. The multiplex PCR and subsequent gel electrophoresis revealed that the presence of only DDX3X or both DDX3X and DDX3Y could be detected in fetal tissues. We used adult male rat testis as a positive control and confirmed that both DDX3X and DDX3Y could be detected in adult male tissues as well.

conclusionThis protocol provides an important method to determine genetic sex in tissues before the ability to visually determine sex, allowing for sex to be used as a biological variable in prenatal research using the rat model.

Indexed as

FetusMultiplex Polymerase Chain ReactionSex Determination AnalysisAnimalsDEAD-box RNA HelicasesFemaleMalePlacentaPregnancyRatsX ChromosomeY ChromosomeDEAD-box RNA HelicasesFetal tissuesGenetic sexGenotypingPlacentaRat

Identifiers

PMID40080305
PMCPMC11906549

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.