ArticleTobacco induced diseases2025
Comparative analysis of alpha-fetoprotein, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, and prostate-specific antigen among conventional cigarette smokers, heated tobacco product users and quitters.
Article in Tobacco induced diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
introductionThe association of Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) use on cancer-related biomarkers remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the levels of tumor markers, specifically alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), between combustible cigarette (CC) smokers, any HTP users, and quitters.
methodsThis cross-sectional study compared tumor marker levels (AFP, CA 19-9, CEA, PSA) among 750 adult males: 250 CC smokers, 250 any HTP users, and 250 quitters. Data were collected from health screenings (2021-2022). Participants were aged >18 years with at least one year of smoking history.
resultsCEA was significantly higher in CC smokers (median: 2.4) than any HTP users (median: 2.0) and quitters (median: 1.6), with any HTP users exceeding quitters. PSA was higher in any HTP users (median: 0.86) than quitters (median: 0.74). No significant differences were observed in AFP and CA 19-9.
conclusionsHTP users exhibit lower CEA levels compared to conventional cigarette smokers, yet their levels remain higher than those of quitters. Additionally, quitters were found to have lower PSA levels than HTP users. Further research is needed to determine the reasons for these differences.
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