ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Non-Destructive Ellipsometric Analysis of the Refractive Index of Historical Enamels.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The refractive index is an important parameter for the restoration of historical cultural heritage and for non-destructive optical techniques. In this study, different mathematical models for lead glasses were assessed in order to analyze their feasibility to calculate the theoretical refractive index of the historical enamels in stained-glass windows. The models selected were those specifically developed for lead glasses: the Appen method (1949), the Fanderlik and Skrivan model (1972), and the Bonetti and Salvagno method (1983). The results of the mathematical methods were compared with the real values analyzed via ellipsometry. The historical enamels were determined on non-prepared samples, taking into account the Cauchy model in order to avoid damaging the historical pieces. We show that the measured refractive indices of the historical enamels (1.59-1.66) are higher than the values of the lead glasses in the literature (1.55-1.57). The PbO and B
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