ReviewMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Advancing Power Transformer Cooling: The Role of Fluids and Nanofluids-A Comprehensive Review.
Review in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Thermal and dielectric performance of transformer oil-based nanofluid with fullerene CScientific reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ongoing pursuit of enhanced efficiency and sustainability in power transformer cooling systems has spurred extensive research into the properties and performance of insulating fluids. This review explores the evolution of transformer cooling technologies, focusing on traditional mineral oils and the emerging roles of alternative fluids, such as natural and synthetic esters, and nanofluids. Mineral oils, though widely used, degrade over time, leading to a reduction in breakdown voltage (BDV) from 46 kV to 30 kV, exhibiting low fire resistance. Natural and synthetic esters provide improved biodegradability, fire safety but have higher viscosities-potentially limiting convective cooling. Nanofluids, have demonstrated BDV enhancements of up to 47.8%, reaching 88.7 kV in optimised formulations, alongside increases in partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) of 20-23%. Additionally, thermal conductivity improvements of 5-20% contribute to enhanced heat dissipation. Moreover, it addresses challenges such as nanoparticle agglomeration, sedimentation, ageing, and compatibility with transformer materials. The analysis provides critical insights into the trade-offs between technical performance and economic feasibility. Concluding with an outlook on future research directions, the review identifies key parameters across various categories, establishing a roadmap for nanofluid integration with existing transformer systems.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.