ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Retina-Targeted 17β-Estradiol by the DHED Prodrug Rescues Visual Function and Actuates Neuroprotective Protein Networks After Optic Nerve Crush in a Rat Model of Surgical Menopause.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex-based differences in ocular trauma: a systematic review with narrative synthesis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-Dependent Responses in the Retina Proteome to Ocular Hypertension in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Bypassing Androgens: Retina-Targeted 17β-Estradiol Delivery via DHED Eye Drops Ameliorates Orchiectomy-Induced Shifts in the Male Rat Visual Cortex Proteome.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Endogenous oestrogens as neuroprotective modulators in the human retina: Evidence from transcriptomic profiling and aromatase inhibition.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Prospects for Neuroprotective Therapies in Glaucoma: Drug Targets and Emerging Clinical Strategies.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The association between 17β-estradiol (E2) deprivation, seen in menopause, and a risk for developing glaucoma has been shown. Thus, exogenous supplementation of E2 may protect against retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degradation and vision loss. Here, we investigated the utility of topical 10β,17β-dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED), a prodrug of E2 that selectively produces the neuroprotective hormone in the retina, on visual function after optic nerve crush (ONC) and ovariectomy (OVX). We used female Brown Norway rats that underwent either Sham or OVX surgeries. After ONC, OVX animals received DHED or vehicle eye drops for 12 weeks. Visual function, via the optomotor reflex, and retinal thickness, via optical coherence tomography, were followed longitudinally. Afterward, we performed mass spectrometry-based label-free retina proteomics to survey retinal protein interaction networks in our selected animal model and to identify E2-responsive proteins after OVX on neurodegeneration. We found that ONC with OVX caused a significant decline in visual functions that were ameliorated by DHED treatments. Discovery-driven retina proteomics identified numerous proteins associated with neurodegenerative processes due to ONC that were remediated by DHED eye drops. Altogether, our three-pronged phenotypic preclinical evaluation of the topical DHED in the OVX + ONC model of glaucoma reveals the therapeutic potential of the prodrug to prevent visual deficits after glaucomatous retinal injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.