ReviewCancers2025
Real-Time Navigation in Liver Surgery Through Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: An Updated Analysis of Worldwide Protocols and Applications.
Review in Cancers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Robotic hepatectomy for benign liver disease: single-centre consecutive series and meta-analysis comparing minimally invasive and open approaches.Journal of robotic surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Imaging-based 3D-printed anatomical models for preoperative planning in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery: a single-center pilot study, cost analysis, and systematic review.La Radiologia medica · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Practical application of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in left hepatopancreatoduodenectomy for cholangiocarcinoma with right-sided ligamentum teres.Global health & medicine · 2026Article
- Optical-thermal modeling and treatment planning of ICG-enhanced interstitial photothermal therapy using cylindrical diffuser fibers.Lasers in medical science · 2026Article
- Advanced robotic liver surgery.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Review
- Indocyanine green fluorescence-guided intraoperative biliary mapping during pediatric laparoscopic duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection: a standardized operative approach.Pediatric surgery international · 2026Article
- Near-Infrared Imaging in Small Animal Surgical Oncology: Current Applications and Future Directions.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Sentinel node technologies in low-resource settings: Current evidence and future perspectives.Gynecologic oncology reports · 2026Article
- Fluorescence-guided laparoscopic hepatectomy with patient-specific 3D virtual reconstruction for pediatric focal nodular hyperplasia: a retrospective study.Pediatric surgery international · 2026Article
- Case Report: Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in complex focal nodular hyperplasia resection: report of two cases.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Optimizing indocyanine green positive staining with total liver volume-normalized dosing in robotic hepatectomy: an image-based analysis.Journal of robotic surgery · 2025Observational
- Devices for minimally invasive liver parenchyma transection: the SICE (Italian Society of Endoscopic Surgery) Italian and International survey.Surgical endoscopy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIndocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence has seen extensive application across medical and surgical fields, praised for its real-time navigation capabilities and low toxicity. Initially employed to assess liver function, ICG fluorescence is now integral to liver surgery, aiding in tumor detection, liver segmentation, and the visualization of bile leaks. This study reviews current protocols and ICG fluorescence applications in liver surgery, with a focus on optimizing timing and dosage based on clinical indications.
methodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed the literature up to 27 January 2024, using PubMed and Medline to identify studies on ICG fluorescence used in liver surgery. A systematic review was performed to evaluate dosage and timing protocols for ICG administration.
resultsOf 1093 initial articles, 140 studies, covering a total of 3739 patients, were included. The studies primarily addressed tumor detection (40%), liver segmentation (34.6%), and both (21.4%). The most common ICG fluorescence dose for tumor detection was 0.5 mg/kg, with administration occurring from days to weeks pre-surgery. Various near-infrared (NIR) camera systems were utilized, with the PINPOINT system most frequently cited. Tumor detection rates averaged 87.4%, with a 10.5% false-positive rate. Additional applications include the detection of bile leaks, lymph nodes, and vascular and biliary structures.
conclusionsICG fluorescence imaging has emerged as a valuable tool in liver surgery, enhancing real-time navigation and improving clinical outcomes. Standardizing protocols could further enhance ICG fluorescence efficacy and reliability, benefitting patient care in hepatic surgeries.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.