ReviewVirology journal2025
Revolutionizing immunization: a comprehensive review of mRNA vaccine technology and applications.
Review in Virology journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Phase 1/2 Dose-Ranging Safety and Immunogenicity Study of mRNA-Based Candidate Pandemic Influenza Vaccines in Healthy Adults.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Trial
- Codon-dependent translation of N1-ethylpseudouridine-modified mRNA reduces innate immunity while preserving vaccine immunogenicity.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Nanomaterial-based vaccines: An advanced approach against rotavirus: A review article.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- mRNA vaccines and therapeutics beyond COVID-19: A review of the global clinical development landscape, low- and middle-income countries involvement and relevance to their contexts.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Review
- Advances in Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Developing Antiviral Vaccines Based on AttenuatedPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Increase in Healthcare-Associated Infections: Is COVID-19 Responsible? A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- mRNA Therapeutics Beyond Infectious Diseases: Expanding Therapeutic Applications and Future Perspectives.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
- Beyond the genetic code: orchestrating epigenetic and immune landscapes with multivalent mRNA-exosome vaccines.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence for translational personalized neoantigen cancer vaccine development.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of bovine β-globin in the mRNA constructs translates different types of antigenic proteins.Biotechnology letters · 2026Article
- Nucleoside-Modified mRNA Encoding Alpha-Galactosidase A Ameliorates Fabry Disease Phenotypes in Human IPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Nanocarrier Platforms for RNA Vaccines: Advances in Formulation, Stability Engineering, and Translational Manufacturing Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Smart nanoparticle vaccines integrate nanotechnology artificial intelligence and immunoengineering for precision immunization.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Delivery devices and container closure systems for co-formulated and co-administered biologics.Antibody therapeutics · 2026Review
- mRNA Vaccines for Influenza: Hope for a Universal Vaccine?BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- A protocol for computational design of mRNA vaccines with high functionality and specificity.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Review
- Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have emerged as a transformative platform in modern vaccinology. mRNA vaccine is a powerful alternative to traditional vaccines due to their high potency, safety, and efficacy, coupled with the ability for rapid clinical development, scalability and cost-effectiveness in manufacturing. Initially conceptualized in the 1970s, the first study about the effectiveness of a mRNA vaccine against influenza was conducted in 1993. Since then, the development of mRNA vaccines has rapidly gained significance, especially in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Their unprecedented success during the COVID-19 pandemic, as demonstrated by the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, highlighted their transformative potential. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mRNA vaccine technology, detailing the structure of the mRNA vaccine and its mechanism of action in inducing immunity. Advancements in nanotechnology, particularly lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as delivery vehicles, have revolutionized the field. The manufacturing processes, including upstream production, downstream purification, and formulation are also reviewed. The clinical progress of mRNA vaccines targeting viruses causing infectious diseases is discussed, emphasizing their versatility and therapeutic potential. Despite their success, the mRNA vaccine platform faces several challenges, including improved stability to reduce dependence on cold chain logistics in transport, enhanced delivery mechanisms to target specific tissues or cells, and addressing the risk of rare adverse events. High costs associated with encapsulation in LNPs and the potential for unequal global access further complicate their widespread adoption. As the world continues to confront emerging viral threats, overcoming these challenges will be essential to fully harness the potential of mRNA vaccines. It is anticipated that mRNA vaccines will play a major role in defining and shaping the future of global health.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.