Observational studyBMC urology2025
Factors predicting local or systemic side effects related to intravesical BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) therapy: a retrospective observational study.
Observational study in BMC urology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveIntravesical BCG treatment is the most frequently preferred adjuvant treatment option with its effective results in non-muscle invasive bladder tumors. Despite effective results, systemic and local side effects can be observed and can be one of the main reasons for treatment discontinuation. In this study we aimed to identify clinical factors predicting BCG-related side effects during intravesical BCG therapy in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
methodsDemographic and clinical data of patients who received intravesical adjuvant BCG therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder tumor were obtained from patient records. Data on side effects following intravesical BCG therapy and clinical approaches were collected. After creating the patient sample, binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify parameters and independent risk factors predicting BCG-related side effects, and to evaluate data related to the clinical management of BCG-related side effects.
resultsAmong the 276 patients included in the study, 23(8.3%) developed BCG-related local and systemic side effects. The mean IPSS(13.5 ± 2.9 vs. 17.6 ± 1.7) and mean tumor size(2.5 ± 0.9 vs. 3.6 ± 1.0 cm)were significantly higher in the group with BCG-related side effects(p < 0.001). The rate of CIS was significantly higher in the group with BCG-related side effects(21.7% vs. 3.9%,p = 0.004). Local side effects included cystitis symptoms in 18(78.2%) patients and epididymo-orchitis in 2(8.6%) patients. Systemic side effects included malaise and fever below 38.5 °C in 4(17.3%) patients, and fever above 38.5 °C lasting longer than 48 h in 2(8.6%) patients. Logistic regression analysis identified IPSS, tumor size, and the presence of CIS as independent risk factors.
conclusionHigh IPSS, large tumor size, and the presence of CIS were significant predictors of side effects during intravesical BCG therapy. Clinicians can ensure more effective use of BCG by preventing treatment discontinuation through approaches such as the use of quinolones and dose reduction in patients with these factors.
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