Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40075149›Full record

ArticleNPJ digital medicine2025

Systematic review and meta-analysis on fully automated digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.

Ji Woo Hwang, Ga Eun Lee, Jae Hyun Woo, Sung Min Kim, Ji Yean Kwon

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in NPJ digital medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Ji Woo HwangDepartment of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Ga Eun LeeDepartment of Medical Device and Healthcare, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Jae Hyun WooDepartment of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Sung Min KimDepartment of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Ji Yean KwonDepartment of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. jykwon@dgu.ac.kr.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Insomnia impairs daily functioning and increases health risks. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is effective but limited by cost and therapist availability. Fully automated digital CBT-I (FA dCBT-I) provides an accessible alternative without therapist involvement. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of FA dCBT-I across 29 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 9475 participants. Compared to control groups, FA dCBT-I demonstrated moderate to large effects on insomnia severity. Subgroup analyses indicated that FA dCBT-I had a significant impact when contrasted with most control groups but was less effective than therapist-assisted CBT-I. Meta-regression revealed that control group type moderated outcomes, whereas completion rate did not. This implies that treatment adherence, rather than merely completing the intervention, is crucial for its effectiveness. This study supports the potential of FA dCBT-I as a promising option for managing insomnia but underscores that a hybrid model combining therapist support is more beneficial.

Identifiers

PMID40075149
PMCPMC11903857

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.