ReviewEpilepsia2025
Immunity and neuroinflammation in early stages of life and epilepsy.
Review in Epilepsia, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Probiotics in epilepsy treatment: a meta-analysis of efficacy and safety.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Integrative single-cell and spatial transcriptomics combined with machine learning to discover complement-associated biomarkers in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.Functional & integrative genomics · 2026Article
- Role of the miR-340-5p/IRF1/USP18 Axis in Neuroinflammation Associated with Epilepsy.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Characterization of the plasma metabolomic profile in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Infant gut microbiomes contribute to metabolic states that impact brain function.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Microglial Maturation and Functional Heterogeneity: Mechanistic Links to Neurodevelopmental Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Luteolin and neuroinflammation: a multi-target therapeutic strategy for central nervous system disorders.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Gastrodin alleviates neuronal damage in epileptic cell models by targeting P2RY12 to inhibit microglial hyperactivation.PloS one · 2026Article
- Pyroptosis in epilepsy: from pathophysiological mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Vitexin Alleviates Kainic Acid-Induced Seizure Through Inhibiting P2X7R/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Review
- Immune biomarkers for epilepsy in autism: indications of cytokine alterations in an exploratory cross-sectional pediatric study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The immune system is crucial for the correct brain development, and recent findings also point toward central control of immune response. As the immune system is not fully developed at birth, the early years become an important window for infections and for the development of epilepsy. Both central and even peripheral inflammation may impact brain function, promoting opening of the blood-brain/blood and cerebrospinal barriers and allowing entry of immune cells and cytokines, which in turn may affect neuron function and connections. The resident brain immune cells, microglia, besides providing protection, also affect neurons, myelination, and astrocyte function. They may, via the complement system, remove synapses, both physiologically and pathologically. After seizures during development, activated microglia releases proinflammatory molecules, which are detrimental for neurons, and inhibition of microglial activation shows promising antiepileptogenic effects. In addition to cytokines, seizures and excessive excitability stimulate calpain 2 expression, which can promote neuron loss and contribute to amplification of inflammatory responses via stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines. In summary, the immature immune system during postnatal early life may be an important target for the development of long-desired antiepileptogenic drugs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.