Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40070952›Full record

ArticleHeliyon2025

Health risk assessments of heavy metals in dust samples collected from classrooms in Ilorin, Nigeria and its impact on public health.

Hussein K Okoro, Muyiwa M Orosun, Afisat F Agboola, Ebuka Chizitere Emenike, Sireesha Nanduri, Navin Kedia, Muthena Kariem, Ati Priya, Safia Obaidur Rab

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Heliyon, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Hussein K OkoroEnvironmental-Analytical & Material Science Research Group, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Muyiwa M OrosunDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Afisat F AgboolaEnvironmental-Analytical & Material Science Research Group, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Ebuka Chizitere EmenikeEnvironmental-Analytical & Material Science Research Group, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Sireesha NanduriDepartment of Management, School of Management-PG, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Navin KediaNIMS School of Civil Engineering, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
Muthena KariemDepartment of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq.
Ati PriyaChandigarh School of Business, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjeri, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, Mohali, India.
Safia Obaidur RabCentral Labs, King Khalid University, AlQura'a, P.O. Box 960, Abha, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Over the past three decades, heavy metals (HMs) in indoor dust have been a significant focus due to their environmental and health risks. This study assessed HM contamination (Co, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and As) in classroom and lecture theatre dust in Ilorin, Nigeria, across dry and rainy seasons. Dust samples from primary, secondary, and university settings were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry and ICP-OES. HM concentrations followed the order As > Pb > Co > Cr > Ni > Cd, all below background values. Indices like geoaccumulation (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI) indicated minimal contamination. The proportion of human health risks attributed to dermal contact, represented by HQderm and CRderm, accounted for 67.76 % and 30.30 % of the total hazard index (HI) and cancer risk (CR) during the dry season, and 86.76 % and 72.65 % during the rainy season, respectively. Health risks via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure showed children were more vulnerable than adults, with dermal pathways contributing significantly to overall risk. Principal component and geo-spatial analyses highlighted natural and anthropogenic HM sources. The findings provide critical data for policymakers to develop effective strategies for minimizing HM exposure in indoor environments.

Indexed as

Contamination factorsDust particlesGeoaccumulation indexPollution load indexSeasonal variation

Identifiers

PMID40070952
PMCPMC11894315

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.