ArticleScientific reports2025
Dynamic change of estrogen and progesterone metabolites in human urine during pregnancy.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Effects of supplementing concentrates with different energy levels on growth performance, blood indicators, and fecal microbiota of Mongolian horses in late gestation.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- The persisting presence of absence in female sex development: a critical interdisciplinary reflection.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Optimizing Non-Pharmacological Support for Perinatal Mental Health: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Intervention Effects by Pregnancy/Postpartum Stage.Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- Unraveling the intricate link: gut microbiota and recurrent spontaneous abortion.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Review
- Development of machine learning models for predicting early pregnancy outcomes based on β-hCG, progesterone, and estradiol.PloS one · 2026Article
- Building a resilient ovarian reserve: Early soma-oocyte interactions.Current topics in developmental biology · 2026Review
- Mapping of Determinants of Urinary Sex Steroid Metabolites During Late Pregnancy: Results from Two Spanish Cohorts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Associations between reproductive factors and frailty in middle-aged and older women: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Endogenous estrogen and progesterone and their metabolites play a key role in regulating and maintaining the normal pregnancy process. However, the dynamic change of these estrogen and progesterone metabolites' level across the entire gestational period is not fully revealed. This study systematically measures the temporal changes of estrogen, progesterone, and their metabolites in human urine during normal pregnancy using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). We find that the levels of estrone, estradiol, estriol, 16-epiestriol, 17-epiestriol, 2-methoxyestradiol, and 4-hydroxyestrone gradually increase during pregnancy. The levels of 2-hydroxyestrone, 2-hydroxyestradiol, and 4-hydroxyestradiol rapidly decrease in the early pregnancy and then maintain at lower levels. The levels of 4-methoxyestradiol, 4-methoxyestrone and 2-methoxyestrone peak in the mid-pregnancy and then gradually decrease. The levels of pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxy pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxy progesterone, pregnanolone, epipregnanolone gradually increase during pregnancy. The levels of progesterone, 20α-hydroxy progesterone, 5α-dihydroprogesterone and 5β-dihydroprogesterone first increase in the mid pregnancy and then decrease in the late pregnancy. In sum, this study comprehensively depicts the dynamic change of estrogen, progesterone, and their metabolites in human urine during pregnancy, which lays the foundation for hormone monitoring and early diagnosis of pregnancy complications, and further mechanistic study of the roles of these metabolites in pregnancy.
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