ArticleNPJ science of learning2025
The control of movement gradually transitions from feedback control to feedforward adaptation throughout childhood.
Article in NPJ science of learning, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Offline and online de novo motor skill learning differs in young children and adults.Journal of experimental child psychology · 2026Article
- Diminished Performance and Learning of a Novel Visuomotor Skill in Children Born Preterm.Developmental psychobiology · 2026Article
- Hypothesis testing governs strategic motor learning.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- Reinforcement drives within- not between-trial motor adaptation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Interpreting the kinematic theory of rapid human movement as an optimal control theory.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Phase-specific postural adjustments in children and adults during a challenging balance task.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2026Article
- Non-Linear Modeling of Motor Development in Typically Developing Children and Youth Aged 5-18 Years Using Robot-Based Behavioral Assessments.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Formant variability is related to vowel duration across speakers.JASA express letters · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The ability to adjust movements in response to perturbations is key for an efficient and mature nervous system, which relies on two complementary mechanisms - feedforward adaptation and feedback control. We examined the developmental trajectory of how children employ these two mechanisms using a previously validated visuomotor rotation task, conducted remotely in a large cross-sectional cohort of children aged 3-17 years and adults (n = 656; 353 males & 303 females). Results revealed a protracted developmental trajectory, with children up to ~13-14 years showing immature adaptation. Younger children relied more on feedback control to succeed. When adaptation was the only option, they struggled to succeed, highlighting a limited ability to adapt. Our results show a gradual shift from feedback control to adaptation learning throughout childhood. We also generated percentile curves for adaptation and overall performance, providing a reference for understanding the development of motor adaptation and its trade-off with feedback control.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.