Utility of UAS-LIDAR for estimating forest structural attributes of the Miombo woodlands in Zambia.

The ability to collect precise three-dimensional (3D) forest structural information at a fraction of the cost of airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) makes uncrewed aerial systems-lidar (UAS-lidar) a remote sensing tool with high potential for estimating forest structural attributes for enhanced forest management. The estimation of forest structural data in area-based forest inventories relies on the relationship between field-based estimates of forest structural attributes (FSA) and lidar-derived metrics at plot level, which can be modeled using either parametric or non-parametric regression techniques. In this study, the performance of UAS-lidar metrics was assessed and applied to estimate four FSA (above ground biomass (AGB), basal area (BA), diameter at breast height (DBH), and volume (Vol)) using multiple linear regression (MLR), a parametric technique, at two wet Miombo woodland sites in the Copperbelt province of Zambia. FSA were estimated using site-specific MLR models at the Mwekera and Miengwe sites and compared with FSA estimates from generic MLR models that employed combined data from the two sites. The results revealed that the model fit of site-specific MLR models was marginally better (Adj-R2: AGB =  0.87-0.93; BA =  0.88-0.89; DBH =  0.86-0.96; and Vol =  0.87-0.98 than when using a generic combined data model (AGB =  0.80; BA =  0.81; DBH =  0.85; and Vol =  0.85). However, the rRMSE (2.01 - 20.89%) and rBias (0.01-1.03%) of site specific MLR models and combined data model rRMSE (3.40-16.71%) and rBias (0.55-1.16%) were within the same range, suggesting agreement between the site specific and combined data models. Furthermore, we assessed the applicability of a site-specific model to a different site without using local training data. The results obtained were inferior to both site-specific and combined data models (rRMSE: AGB =  36.29%-37.25%; BA =  52.98-54.52%; DBH =  55.57%-64.59%; and Vol =  26.10%-30.17%). The results obtained from this indicate potential for application in estimating FSA using UAS-lidar data in the Miombo woodlands and are a stepping stone towards sustainable local forest management and attaining international carbon reporting requirements. Further research into the performance of UAS-lidar data in the estimation of FSA under different Miombo vegetation characteristics, such as different age groups, hilly terrain, and dry Miombo, is recommended.