Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40067360›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2025

Forensic facial reconstruction: A computer tomography study of facial soft tissue thickness in Nigerian adult male multi-ethnic population.

Nurudeen Adegbite, Manuela Mura, Haliru Shafiu, Christopher Avery, Waqar Ahmed

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Nurudeen AdegbiteSchool of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln,Brayford Pool Campus Lincoln, LN6 7TS, Lincoln, UK. 25978807@students.lincoln.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-5326-893X
Manuela MuraSchool of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln,Brayford Pool Campus Lincoln, LN6 7TS, Lincoln, UK.
Haliru ShafiuUsmanu Danfodiyo University and Teaching Hospital, Garba Nadama Road, Sokoto, Nigeria.
Christopher AveryDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, LE1 5WW, Leicester, UK.
Waqar AhmedSchool of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln,Brayford Pool Campus Lincoln, LN6 7TS, Lincoln, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) was measured from computer tomography scans of 55 Nigeria adult males. Forensic facial reconstruction (FFR) with own population FSTT values can be vital in recognition of skeletal remains and has been used as an adjunct in forensic science.There are no published FSTT values for this population. Measurements were obtained at 12 mid-sagittal and 19 bilateral points totalling 50 and by use of a software package called RadiAnt. In comparison to previous studies in Africa, measurements were taken from more points and with a diverse age of 18 to 100 years. Mean FSTT values were determined for these combined Nigerian male ethnicities. These values will suffice in FFR for this population and for the Hausa adult male. This population homogenously showed more soft tissue volumes on the left than the right side at all FSTT points with the most relative difference at the frontal eminence and the least at the mid-point of the masseter muscle. The low relative difference at the mid-masseters may relate with the soft floury diets of this population. These combined Nigerian male ethnicities midline FSTT values showed significant differences in the lower third of the face when compared with other population data. The values for the right side of the face shows even more substantial differences at multiple points when compared with published data of other populations. The change with age compares well with other studies. These data will be applicable for FFR in the CNME than data of other populations.

Indexed as

EthnicityFaceAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overBlack PeopleForensic AnthropologyHumansMaleMiddle AgedNigeriaTomography, X-Ray ComputedYoung AdultCT reconstructionFacial soft tissue thicknessForensic facial reconstructionHausa adult maleHuman identification

Identifiers

PMID40067360
PMCPMC12170741

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.