ArticleJournal of nanobiotechnology2025
Ginseng exosomes modulate M1/M2 polarisation by activating autophagy and target IKK/IкB/NF-кB to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease.
Article in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Nanoparticles isolated from the Gubi Zhitong formula alleviate knee osteoarthritis by reprogramming macrophages.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Breaking the vicious cycle of diabetic wounds with an exosome-engineered dual-responsive microneedle patch.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Engineering Strategies for Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Modification, Drug Delivery Performance, and Synergistic Effects with Gel Composite Systems.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Biogenesis, preparation, characterization, therapeutic mechanisms and safety evaluation of plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Plant-derived extracellular vesicles as tools and targets for inflammatory diseases.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Role of autophagy in tumorigenesis and drug resistance: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Macrophage-centered immunotherapy for osteosarcoma: mechanisms, repolarization, and translational strategies.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Review
- Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway by a Ginseng-Salvia Root-Notoginseng Composite Alleviates Ulcerative DSS-Induced Colitis via Restoring Gut Microbiota and the Intestinal Barrier.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Diseases: From Diagnostic Biomarkers to Engineered Therapeutics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Ginseng Biomacromolecules: Integrating Nutrition and Health, a New Direction in Phytomedicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Anti-Inflammatory and Protective Role of tiRNA-Glu-TTC-003 in Pediatric Sepsis Via TREM2/TLR4 Signaling Modulation.Inflammation · 2026Article
- Amelioration of acute lung injury by Salvia miltiorrhiza-derived extracellular vesicles: through repair of the vascular barrier and modulation of lung microbiota.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- Endothelial-targeted modification of ginseng-derived exosomes for IL-6 SiRNA delivery ameliorates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- M1 macrophage-targeted engineered ginseng stems and leaves-derived extracellular vesicles delivery system for alleviating rheumatoid arthritis.Regenerative biomaterials · 2026Article
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Abstract
backgroundExosomes are involved in intercellular communication and regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment. In a previous study, we demonstrated that fresh ginseng exosomes (GEs) alleviated inflammatory bowel disease. However, the precise mechanism by which GEs activate the immune system and subsequently inhibit the formation of intestinal inflammatory microenvironment remains unknown.
methodsHerein, we investigated the effects of GEs on autophagy, macrophage polarisation, intestinal inflammation, and the epithelial barrier by means of transcriptome sequencing, network pharmacology, transmission electron microscopy, immunoblotting, flow cytometry and small molecule inhibitors.
resultsGEs significantly activated autophagy and M2-like macrophage polarisation, which could be blocked by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. In the co-culture system of macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages treated with GEs secreted more interleukin-10 (IL-10) and significantly reduced Nitric oxide (NO) levels in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, GEs acted directly on intestinal epithelial cells through the IKK/IкB/NF-кB signalling pathway to reduce inflammation and restore the intestinal barrier. Orally administered GEs could restore disrupted colonic barriers, alleviate inflammatory bowel responses, and regulate the polarisation of intestinal macrophages in vivo.
conclusionIn summary, GEs may be a potential treatment for inflammatory bowel disease, and targeting autophagy and macrophage polarisation may help alleviate intestinal inflammation.
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