ArticleBMC public health2025
Predictors of pregnancy loss among urban and rural women aged 15 to 49 years in Pakistan.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Geospatial Variation and Determinants of Time to Pregnancy Loss Among Reproductive-Aged Women in East Africa: Bayesian Spatial Frailty Model.BioMed research international · 2026Article
- Analysis of Disease Burden and Future Trend Prediction for Iron Deficiency-Induced Abortion and Miscarriage in BRICS Countries.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe burden of pregnancy loss remains high in low- and middle-income countries like Pakistan. The Every Newborn Action Plan (ENAP) aims to decrease the stillbirth rate to 12 per 1000 total births by 2030, in every country. Current estimates indicate that Pakistan is unlikely to achieve this ENAP target, as the stillbirth rate stands at 30.6 per 1000 total births.
methodsThis study used the 2019 Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey to identify the community-level, sociodemographic, maternal, environmental, and health services factors that are associated with pregnancy loss. Due to characteristic differences in urban and rural communities, separate analyses were carried out for ever-married women of 15 to 49 years. Mixed effects negative binomial regression was used to analyze the urban (n = 5,887) and rural (n = 7,136) samples of women who reported at least one pregnancy.
resultsThe separate analyses found the factors associated with pregnancy loss to vary between urban and rural areas. In urban areas, pregnancy loss was associated with maternal education, maternal age, current marital status, and sanitation facility type. In rural areas, pregnancy loss was associated with region of residence, wealth index, maternal age, current marital status, drinking water source, cooking fuel type, and sanitation facility type.
conclusionThis study carries significant implications for alleviating the burden of pregnancy loss in Pakistan, in line with ENAP objectives. The separate analyses provide a novel perspective regarding the factors influencing pregnancy loss in urban and rural areas, allowing for targeted interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.